城市园林绿化中的整形修剪技术

整形修剪是城市园林绿化中不可缺少的一项栽培管理技术,综合有关文献和实践经验,阐述当前城市园林绿化中整形修剪技术的基本概念、理论依据、时期和基本方法,重点概括整型修剪技术在孤植、丛植道路绿化、植物造型、盆花和盆景植物造景等方面的应用。     

整枝方式及留果节位对秋大棚厚皮甜瓜产量的影响

在北京地区采用钢结构塑料大棚进行秋季厚皮甜瓜整枝方式及留果节位试验。结果表明:在产量、果实性状方面以双主14(双蔓单果,主蔓14节留果,侧蔓作营养枝)和单主15(单蔓单果,主蔓15节留果)的整枝留果方式表现最好,单主12(单蔓单果,主蔓12节留果)和单主9(单蔓单果,主蔓9节留果)次之,双蔓双果整枝方式不宜在生产中使用。     

不同种源和修剪方式对牛大力叶绿素荧光参数的影响

[目的]研究不同种源和不同修剪方式的牛大力叶片叶绿素荧光参数的影响。[方法]选择成熟的牛大力叶片通过暗适应后,采用MINI-PAM测定初始荧光(F0)、最大荧光(Fm)、PSII光量子效率(Yield)和光合电子传递速率(ETR)等叶绿素荧光参数。[结果]牛大力不同种源间的F0和Fm差异不显著,其中种源7猪仔笠的光合效率稍高于其他几个种源。所有种源在广东气候条件下均能正常生长。不同修剪方式与自然生长的牛大力叶片叶绿素荧光参数下降不明显,不降低光合作用。F0和Fm在各修剪方式中比较接近。[结论]控制高度1 m,保留主茎蔓1条和侧蔓4条的修剪方式与自然调控的牛大力叶片的光合能力相当。种源7猪仔笠的光合效率稍高于其他几个种源。     

南宁地区阳光玫瑰葡萄夏果和不同修剪时期冬果品质比较

[目的]了解南宁地区阳光玫瑰葡萄夏果和不同修剪时期冬果的品质差异。[方法]以阳光玫瑰葡萄2月5日修剪的夏果、8月20日和8月29日修剪的冬果为试材(其中8月29日修剪的树体转色期后进行保温处理),分别测定果实的穗重、粒重、可溶性固形物、总糖、可滴定酸、固酸比以及Vc等果实品质指标。分析夏果和不同修剪时期冬果的果实品质差异。[结果]在一年两收栽培模式下的阳光玫瑰葡萄夏果品质优于冬果,夏果可溶性固形物、总糖及Vc含量均高于冬果;8月29日修剪保温的阳光玫瑰冬果Vc及固酸比均高于8月20日修剪不保温的冬果,且其可滴定酸含量更低。[结论]该研究为葡萄一年两收生产中果实品质的提高提供了理论依据。     

Growth and physiological responses to silviculture for producing solid-wood products from Eucalyptus plantations: An Australian perspective

We review the main silvicultural interventions used when managing Eucalyptus plantations for solid-wood products, including fertilising, pruning and thinning. The growth of a plantation and the quality of the wood produced is closely linked to the development of the tree crowns. These silvicultural interventions influence crown dynamics and can interact with each other, as well as the species, site and the age at which they are applied. This review focuses on the growth and physiological responses observed in Eucalyptus plantations, particularly from an Australian perspective. The implications for wood quality, while given some attention, are beyond the scope of this review.     

城市树木整形修剪技术探讨

通过在乌鲁木齐市各大绿地、公园的调查研究,查阅相关书籍文献,笔者对部分园林树木修剪管理中几个误区进行阐述:第一,以圆冠榆、倒榆为例,分析树木分枝习性及冠形与修剪的关系;第二,以紫丁香、重瓣榆叶梅等观花类树木为例,通过具体的实验,反映了修剪对花芽分化、开花的影响以及安全修剪期的确定;第三,以圆冠榆、小叶白蜡为例,介绍了大树移植过程中由于修剪不当,破坏了树形的现象,并提出正确的修剪方法;第四,幼树的修剪应该保留一定数量的叶片进行光合作用,提供其正常发育所需营养。以上几点是很多园林工作者容易忽视的问题。笔者希望这些案例,能为园林养护管理者提供一些借鉴。       

温室葡萄生长结果特性观察

对葡萄温室中5年生早黑宝、粉红亚都蜜、优无核和7年生无核早红以及无核早红的3种整枝方式(F形、FI形、扇形)和4种架式(单篱架、双篱架、棚架及篱改棚)的果枝率、果穗数和畸形率、果穗着生节位进行了调查。结果显示,在4个品种中,无核早红比其他3个品种更能适应温室的环境;4种架式中,单篱架表现较好;3种整枝方式相比较",FI"形综合性状最好,扇形最差。     

四季修剪技术对板栗密植园幼树控冠及产量的影响

以燕明、替码珍珠、紫珀、北京8号、大青杆和燕山魁6个板栗品种为试材,2005～2007年连续3 a对板栗密植园幼树嫁接后进行了四季修剪技术试验,研究四季修剪技术对树高、冠径、单位面积树冠投影抽生果枝数和产量的影响。结果表明：四季修剪能加快栗树的整形速度,促进结果,且控冠效果显著。其中,四季修剪的树,产量第2 a就与只进行冬季修剪的树（对照）产生了明显差异;第3 a树体丰满紧凑,平均产量为1 293.3 kg/hm^2,较CK增产133.9%;第4 a平均产量为2 542.8 kg/hm^2,较CK增产133.0%。而对照第3 a整形尚未完成,但新梢已部分搭接,第4 a开始郁闭。6个板栗品种中,以燕山魁栗效果最为显著。     

树木剪枝堆肥与传统堆肥对土壤化学性质的影响

通过与完熟牛粪肥、腐熟树叶堆肥、树皮畜粪混合堆肥3种传统堆肥进行对比,并以不施肥土壤作对照,研究树木剪枝堆肥对土壤中的全氮全碳含量、阳离子交换能力、有效盐基阳离子浓度的影响.结果表明:施肥1 a后完熟牛粪堆肥、腐熟树叶堆肥、树皮畜粪混合堆肥和树木剪枝堆肥氮素耗损分别为1.10,1.30,1.33和1.44 g/kg,剪枝堆肥中的有机氮素更容易转化为容易被土壤吸收的无机氮素;完熟牛粪堆肥、腐熟树叶堆肥、树皮畜粪混合堆肥和树木剪枝堆肥的全碳损耗分别为1.37,2.73,1.84和4.37 g/kg,相比于传统堆肥,剪枝肥的全碳损耗更大,被分解的碳素明显高于其他传统有机肥;剪枝肥料能加快土壤中微生物的分解效率,导致其微生物活性远高于其他施肥处理;剪枝肥施用1 a后,土壤阳离子交换量、有效盐基阳离子浓度等均显著增加(P＜0.05),从而增加土壤中可被植物吸收的微量营养元素.     

Simulation of the effect of pruning and topping on cotton growth using COTTON2K model

COTTON2K, like most other cotton production models, does not always adequately represent local growth conditions owing to the fact that it fails to take into account some indigenous cultivation practices. For instance, pruning and topping, a common practice for cotton cultivation in China is not included in the model simulation of COTTON2K. The objective of this research therefore was to: (1) modify COTTON2K source code and slot pruning and topping simulation switch on to the model, and (2) calibrate and validate the modified COTTON2K model with field data from pruning and topping cultivation practice. First, field collected data in 2003 and 2004 were compared between the treatments, with and without pruning and topping, and the COTTON2K source code updated with the ‘pruning and topping’ switch. This was followed by the calibration and validation of the updated model with field data and simulation of the effect of pruning and topping on cotton performance. It was noted from field observations that pruning and topping reduced total fruit sites, but at the same time, increased retained boll number, possibly due to significant reductions in abscised fruit sites. Though total dry matter production dropped, more dry matter allocation to reproductive organs, however, enhanced higher cotton lint yield in the pruning and topping treatment. Results of the modified model simulation showed that growth in the number of main-stem node ceased after topping. Furthermore, there was more biomass allocation to reproductive organs, such as green and open bolls under pruning and topping. Coefficient of determination above 0.8 for most of the growth factors was obtained in the calibration and validation processes under pruning and topping, a strong indication of the level of success of the model modification.