不同生物有机肥施肥方法对压砂西瓜生长及产量的影响

2009年在宁夏中卫香山乡采用田间试验的方法,比较了穴施和条施生物有机肥对压砂西瓜生长及产量的影响.结果表明:与条施生物有机肥相比,穴施条件下,西瓜生育前期叶面积指数增加了80％ ～ 119％；生育中后期主蔓长20.6 cm,增加25.4％；叶片数也较多；单瓜重增加了43％,中心糖含量和边糖含量分别提高了9％和8％；同...     

施钾量对超高产早稻品种产量和稻米品质的影响

以超高产水稻品种陆两优996和淦鑫203为材料,在大田条件下研究了不同施钾量对其产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,施钾显著提高双季早稻有效穗数、每穗粒数和产量,增加生物产量、促进茎鞘物质运转,提高抽穗期剑叶的气-叶温差和颖花伤流量,降低抽穗后的根系活力衰退值。施钾量与倒1节间大维管束数、茎秆抗折力和稻米蛋白质含量显著正相关。施钾提高了陆两优996的垩白粒率和垩白度,但降低了淦鑫203的垩白粒率和垩白度。在本试验条件下,最适施钾量为180 kg/hm2。     

Fertilizer value of nitrogen in hen and broiler manure after application to spring barley using different application timing

The nitrogen (N) fertilizer effect of layer hen and broiler manure applied at different times on spring barley yield was studied in seven Swedish field experiments during 2005–2008. Two experiments had parallel field incubations to study N release after fertilizer application. The effect of total N in manure on N offtake was 30–40% that of mineral N, except in a dry year, when the effect was very low. Although the relative proportions of ammonium N, uric acid N and other N differed between the hen and broiler manure, the effect of total N was similar for both. In field incubations, mineral N decreased from 75 to 60% of total N applied in hen manure, whereas it increased from 20 to 50% in broiler manure, because of net immobilization and release, respectively. The limited fertilizer nitrogen replacement value, corresponding to only 30–40% of total N, could be as a result of ammonia volatilization after rather shallow incorporation with harrow. Net N release from broiler manure lasted for 6–8 weeks after application, after which it generally ceased. In some cases, manure application in early spring gave better yield effects than application at sowing, probably because of better synchronization of the N release with crop N requirements. The residual N effect on the N offtake in crop in the year after manure application was on average 3% of the total N applied, equivalent to a fertilizer replacement value of about 6%.     

Synergism between potassium sorbate dips and brief exposure to high CO2 or O2 at curing temperature for the control of citrus postharvest green and blue molds

Synergistic effects and very effective control of citrus postharvest green and blue molds, caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum, respectively, were observed on artificially inoculated ‘Valencia’ oranges and ‘Clemenules’ and ‘Ortanique’ mandarins after a potassium sorbate (PS) treatment was followed by 2 days of storage in atmospheres of elevated CO₂ or O₂ at a curing temperature. A combined treatment consisting of 60-s dips in aqueous solutions of 3% PS heated to 62 °C was followed by 48-h exposure to air, 15 kPa CO₂ or 30 kPa O₂ at 33 °C. Control treatment was a 60-s water dip at 20 °C followed by 24-h exposure to air at 20 °C. Synergism was observed on citrus fruit either incubated at 20 °C for up to 22 days, simulating direct commercialization, or stored at 5 °C for up to 45 days, simulating commercial cold storage. This research offers potential new tools to the citrus industry for implementation of nonpolluting integrated postharvest disease management programs, especially devoted to high added value organic markets or export markets with zero residue tolerance.     

油菜新品种宁杂1818氮肥运筹试验

以油菜(Brassica campestris L.)新品种宁杂1818为试验材料,以秦优7号为对照,研究不同氮肥运筹条件下,宁杂1818的植株长势和产量变化,旨在为深入了解宁杂1818的生长特性,建立宁杂1818高产、高效栽培技术体系提供理论依据。     

Do combined applications of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer lower emission of N2O from soil?

Emissions of N₂O were measured following addition of ¹⁵N‐labelled residues of tropical plant species [Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Mucuna pruriens and Leucaena leucocephala] to a Ferric Luvisol from Ghana at a rate of 100 mg N/kg soil under controlled environment conditions. Residues were also applied in different ratio combinations with inorganic N fertilizer, at a total rate of 100 mg N/kg soil. N₂O emissions were increased after addition of residues, and further increased with combined (ratio) applications of residues and inorganic N fertilizer. However, ¹⁵N‐N₂O production was low and short‐lived in all treatments, suggesting that most of the measured N₂O‐N was derived from the applied fertilizer or native soil mineral N pools. There was no consistent trend in magnitude of emissions with increasing proportion of inorganic fertilizer in the application. The positive interactive effect between residue‐ and fertilizer‐N sources was most pronounced in the 25:75 Leucaena:fertilizer and cowpea:fertilizer treatments where 1082 and 1130 mg N₂O‐N/g residue were emitted over 30 days. N₂O (log_e) emission from all residue amended treatments was positively correlated with the residue C:N ratio, and negatively correlated with residue polyphenol content, polyphenol:N ratio and (lignin + polyphenol):N ratio, indicating the role of residue chemical composition in regulating emissions even when combined with inorganic fertilizer. The positive interactive effect in our treatments suggests that it is unlikely that combined applications of residues and inorganic fertilizer can lower N₂O emissions unless the residue is of very low quality promoting strong immobilisation of soil mineral N.     

有机无机生物活性肥料施用技术对蔬菜作物生长及产量的影响

田间试验结果表明:施用有机无机生物活性肥料能明显提高蔬菜作物长势,提高甘蓝抗根腐和烂心病能力。在等氮条件下,与常规对照相比产量基本持平,差异并不显著;但每666.7m2可节约成本24元左右,幅度达30,7%。椐统计分析,甘蓝最佳施肥置以100kg/666,7m2为宜,此用量可比常规对照增产9.3%,每666.7m2增加收入295元。在施用总量不变的条件下,减少有机无机生物活性肥料基肥比例,甘蓝则有碱产趋势。     

施用有机肥对当归药材性状、产量及抗病性的影响

为了探寻有机肥对当归成药栽培的影响,采用黑膜覆盖栽培,基施纯有机肥（O,2000 kg·hm^-2）、纯化肥（C,磷酸二铵,420 kg·hm^-2）、减半量化肥增施有机肥［1/2（O+C）］,以不施肥为对照（CK）,栽培期测定早期抽薹率、发病率、药材产量和性状指标。结果表明,纯有机肥栽培当归早期抽薹率为8.0%,分别较CK、1/2（O+C）和C降低19.4%、15.2%和7.1%。药材产量则相反,O、C和1/2（O+C）栽培当归药材产量相当,鲜产量分别较CK提高105.9%、84.6%和78.2%。纯有机肥栽培当归根最长,侧根最多,单根最重,药材产量最高。化肥对根的增粗作用最大,但含水量高,根病率高,发病重。不同施肥每hm²鲜药材产量与综合评价指数大小顺序一致,依次为O（9220.6 kg,0.926）>C（9038.5 kg,0.610）>1/2（O+C）（8728.4 kg,0.481）>CK（4897.4 kg,0.190）。每hm²干药材产量排序为O（3149.2 kg）>1/2（O+C）（3098.7 kg）>C（2909.2 kg）>CK（1707.0 kg）,与经济收益一致。在岷县道地产区黑膜覆盖栽培,纯施有机肥对当归药材具有显著增效作用,可有效降低早薹率、根病率和发病程度,改善药材性状,提高药材产量和质量,在当归标准化栽培中可推广应用,以改变当归依赖化肥的生产现状,促进绿色有机栽培。     

钾肥对紫花苜蓿根颈丙二醛、可溶性蛋白含量与抗氧化系统的影响

为探究钾肥种类及用量对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)抗寒性的影响,本研究以‘北极熊’为供试紫花苜蓿品种,采用二因素随机区组试验设计,研究了秋季施用不同钾肥(硫酸钾和氯化钾)及不同施用量(0,50,100,150,200 kg·hm^-2 K₂O)对越冬期苜蓿根颈在不同温度(4℃,—20℃)处理下抗氧化酶[过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD),超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide disimutase,SOD),过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)]活性和可溶性蛋白(soluble protein,SP)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量变化的影响。结果表明:在4℃温度处理下,不同钾肥种类和施肥量处理中,苜蓿越冬根颈中MDA和SP含量及POD,SOD,CAT活性均无显著差异;但经—20℃低温冷冻后,不同钾肥种类和施肥量处理下,苜蓿越冬根颈中MDA含量下降,SP含量增加,POD,SOD,CAT活性增强,适应低温环境能力变强,且硫酸钾效果强于氯化钾;两种钾肥均在150 kg·hm^-2(K₂O)钾肥处理下,MDA含量最低,POD,SOD,CAT活性最强,SP含量最高,表明苜蓿受伤程度最小,抗寒保护能力最强。因此,在科尔沁沙地秋季施用300 kg·hm^-2K₂SO₄有利于苜蓿安全越冬。     

宽幅高效离心式双圆盘撒肥机设计与试验

为解决现有水旱田撒肥机械作业效率低、撒肥量调节技术落后、施肥均匀性稳定性差等实际问题,设计了一种同轴驱动的离心式双圆盘撒肥机。介绍了整机结构与工作参数,研究设计了撒肥传动系统、撒肥盘结构、排肥量液压调节装置等,并确定了关键结构和参数,同时进行了试验研究。试验结果显示,推肥板推肥角度-20°~30°可调,撒肥幅宽达到50m,总排肥量稳定性变异系数低于6%,施肥均匀性变异系数低于16%。研究结果表明,撒肥机工作性能稳定、撒肥量可控、抛撒均匀,整机设计满足水旱田宽幅高效撒肥作业要求。