彩色花生引种试验初报

对外引的5个彩色花生品种,采用地膜覆盖栽培进行了产量对比试验,初步明确了彩色花生在吉林省西部地区的生育表现和产量表现。试验表明:5个彩色花生品种采用地膜覆盖栽培均能正常成熟。黑丰产量最高4 571.9 kg/hm2,比对照增产35.86%;其次是白玉和花冠,分别比对照增产11.35%和8.48%。     

宁夏引黄灌区日光温室辣椒高产施肥量及配比研究

应用四元二次通用旋转组合设计研究了银川平原二代节能日光温室春茬辣椒对生物有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的反应及其合理施用量。结果表明,供试土壤有效养分供肥特点表现为低氮、高磷、高钾,且因施肥量大及排水不畅,土壤表现为轻度盐渍化特征;氮素是决定辣椒生长发育和产量的最主要影响因子;四种肥料对辣椒产量的作用顺序为氮肥有机肥磷肥钾肥;辣椒稳产51.13 t.hm-2以上的适宜施肥量为有机肥3 000~6 000 kg.hm-2,N 633~750 kg.hm-2,P2O575~225 kg.hm-2,K2O 90~225 kg.hm-2;供试土壤最佳投肥水平m(N)∶m(P2O5)∶m(K2O)为10∶1∶1.2。     

保护地土壤水溶性盐分与土壤酶活性的关系研究

土壤水溶性盐和酶活性是土壤健康的重要指标,可以反映保护地土壤盐渍化趋势与生物学特性。对洛阳近郊李楼乡不同种植年限及不同层次的蔬菜保护地土壤水溶性盐与酶活性进行了研究,结果表明,小麦玉米轮作地和不同种植年限的保护地中土壤水溶性盐总量都在土壤表层积累;保护地土壤的水溶性总盐量在种植年限1～5 a时显著增加,随着种植年限的增加逐渐降低,但仍显著高于小麦玉米轮作地。保护地土壤中过氧化氢酶活性随着土层深度增加而增加,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性有随土层深度增加而减弱的趋势。保护地在一定年限(1～5 a和5～10 a)的蔬菜种植下,其土壤水溶性总盐量与土壤酶活性之间相关性不显著,但随着种植年限的增加,土壤总盐量与脲酶和蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区低碳农业实施路径

根据温室气体影响因素,鄱阳湖生态经济区地形、气候、植被、土壤、农业发展情况、资源环境及目标市场与系统内部空间结构相互作用的关系,认为保护性耕作、发展环境友好型施肥体系、建立健康养殖区和灌溉节水技术及新型农业技术的运用是鄱阳湖生态经济区发展低碳农业的具体行动和科学决策。     

苹果套塑料薄膜袋技术探讨

通过对15年生红富士苹果进行果实套塑料薄膜袋试验,结果表明,苹果套用塑料薄膜袋后,能促进果实着色、果面光洁,同时在一定程度上还可预防病虫害的发生,其可溶性固形物含量与套纸袋相差不大,但塑料袋材料来源广、成本低、操作方便,且容易被果农接受。     

Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth,soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production

This study was carried out to maximize the fertilization efficiency of mixed organic fertilizer (OF) for organically managed onion (Allium cepa L.) production during the one growing season of 2005–2006. The organic fertilizer was made of organic materials like sesame oil cake, rice bran and molasses and minerals like illite and mountainous soil. Four organic topdressing treatments, which all followed the same basal fertilization with solid OF, consisted of solid OF without mulch (OF/OFnM), liquid organic fertilizer without mulch (OF/LOFnM), liquid organic fertilizer under mulch (OF/LOFuM) and liquid organic fertilizer over mulch (OF/LOFoM). Chemical fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer (NF) were treated as controls. The solid organic fertilization base was 2.0 ton ha⁻¹, and 4.57 ton ha⁻¹ and was used for topdressing. The total amount of liquid organic fertilization was 133.2 ton ha⁻¹, which was divided into 6 applications from February through March. The OF/LOFuM and OF/LOFoM topdressings did not reduce onion height, leaf number or bulb diameter as compared to chemical fertilizer, whereas no mulch treatments made onion growth significantly poorer. Onion top weight in CF was significantly higher than that in OF groups at the peak growth stage, while there was not much difference in bulb weight between the CF and OF/LOFoM treatment. Finally, the onion marketable yield was 45.9 ton ha⁻¹ in the OF/LOFoM treatment, which exceeded that in the CF treatment by up to 1.9 ton. Furthermore, OF/LOFoM was the most effective among all the treatments in transferring the nutrients from sink to source. CF made the soil pH more acidic than OF did, and the electrical conductivity (EC) remained higher with CF than OF as well. While organic fertilizer helped to keep the NO₃-N content stable throughout the growing season, the concentration rapidly oscillated up and down according to CF fertilization. Organic fertilizer increased population number of soil microorganisms like aerobes, actinomycetes in the field.     

Root zone soil nitrogen management to maintain high tomato yields and minimum nitrogen losses to the environment

Greenhouse field experiments on tomato were carried out at Shouguang, Shandong province, over four double cropping seasons between 2004 and 2008 in order to understand the effects of manipulating root zone N management (RN) on fruit yields, N savings and N losses under conventional furrow irrigation. About 72% of the chemical N fertilizer used in conventional treatment (CN) inputs could be saved using the RN treatment without loss of yield. The cumulative fruit yields were significantly higher in the RN treatment than in the CN treatment. Average seasonal N from irrigation water (118 kg N ha⁻¹), about 59% of shoot N uptake, was the main nitrogen source in treatments with organic manure application (MN) and without organic manure or nitrogen fertilizer (NN). N losses in the RN treatment were lowered by 54% compared with the CN treatment. Lower N losses were found in the MN and NN treatments due to excessive inputs of organic manure and fruit yields were consequently substantially affected in the NN treatment. The critical threshold of N_min supply level in the root zone (0–30 cm) should be around 150 kg N ha⁻¹ for sustainable production. April to May in the winter–spring season and September to October in the autumn–winter season are the critical periods for root zone N manipulation during crop growth. However, control of organic manure inputs is another key factor to further reduce surplus N in the future.     

Canopy profiles of starch and leaf mass per area in greenhouse tomato and the relationship with leaf area and fruit growth

Better knowledge of patterns of carbon allocation in plants growing in CO₂-supplemented atmospheres may help to guide more efficient management of CO₂ applications in tomato greenhouses. Leaf starch and LMA (leaf mass per unit area) were investigated in commercially grown greenhouse tomato plants to determine the distribution and influence of leaf area and fruit load on these measures.     

Comparison of finite element and finite volume methods for simulation of natural ventilation in greenhouses

This article aims to contribute to the discussion on the efficiency of two different discretization methods used as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers for the simulation of natural ventilation in greenhouses. The focus is not on a general use of CFD, but rather on its specific application to simulate airflow in naturally ventilated greenhouses. After a short review of the basic model and its extensions, we compare the accuracy and computational efficiency of two simulation codes based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Finite Volume Method (FVM) for two-dimensional incompressible turbulent flow in naturally ventilated greenhouses. FVM software (ANSYS/FLUENT v 6.3.) is the most frequently used CFD code in ventilation research, but few papers using FEM software (ANSYS/FLOTRAN v. 11.0) have been published. CFD simulations have been compared to experimental data for 12 cases corresponding to three greenhouse types. The experimental greenhouses were chosen to represent a large range of ventilation situations: buoyancy effect in a mono-span greenhouse with adiabatic walls, buoyancy and wind effect in a multi-span greenhouse and ventilation in an Almería-type greenhouse under conditions of large temperature gradient and high wind speeds. The data from simulations and field experiments were compared using different parameters to analyze the effectiveness of experimental data in the validations of CFD models.The possibility of repeating simulations with different discretization methods and commercial software has been tested, as well as the type of experimental data needed to ensure correct validation of CFD models for use in greenhouse ventilation studies. To this end, temperature distribution measurements are preferable to set-point measurements and the use of visualization techniques (laser sheets) or the measurement of velocity vectors (anemometer) are more indicative than ventilation rates.The computational capacity of these approaches has also been analyzed, comparing their performance in terms of the overall database space necessary to store the numerical models and the necessary CPU time to compute one step of the convergence process. On average, the FEM required twice as much computing time per cell and step as FVM, and the amount of required memory storage was approximately 10 times greater for the FEM.     

聚马来酸对棚室次生盐渍化土壤盐分的影响

[目的]研究聚马来酸（PMA）对次生盐渍化土壤盐分的影响。[方法]设4个处理,其中,处理1为清水对照,处理2施用130g／m^2PMA．处理3施用260g／m^2PMA．处理4施用B、Zn、Fe复合微肥1g／m^2,3次重复,随机区纽设计,测定不同处理对次生盐渍化土壤盐分的影响。[结果]处理3对次生盐渍化土壤影响最大,EC值为2．6mS／cm,其次为处理2,EC值为3．0ms／cm;处理2SO4^2-含量最低,达3．688g／kg,其次为处理4,为7．024g／kg;处理3Na^＋浓度最低,为11．81g／kg,其次为处理2,为15．13g／kg;处理3Mg^2＋浓度最低,为1．943g／kg,其次为处理2,为2．254g／kg。[结论]PMA可以降低土壤盐分,改善土壤的盐渍化程度。