Impact of deer on temperate forest vegetation and woody debris as protection of forest regeneration against browsing

A 3-year field experiment with paired exclosure (fenced areas, excluding deer) and control plots (unfenced areas, free access to deer), with two treatments with and without woody debris, was carried out at two sites in a temperate forest in eastern France. The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of browsing by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) on the diversity and richness of plant species and to test the effectiveness of using woody debris to protect seedlings and saplings from deer browsing. In presence of deer, both plant species richness and diversity were reduced the first year of the study, but this negative impact of deer then disappeared after 3 years. Deer browsing mostly affected species composition of plant communities. We observed a decrease in the abundance of preferred species such as Carpinus betulus, Rubus fructicosus, Rubus idaeus, Anemone nemorosa and Epilobium angustifolium, and palatable species such as Acer spp., Carex spp., Festuca spp. and Mycelis muralis, whereas unpalatable species such as Lamium spp., or species particularly resilient to browsing such as grasses (Brachypodium spp. and Luzula spp.) increased in abundance. The use of woody debris as protection against browsing by deer did not limit damage to seedlings and saplings of the main commercially valuable species, Abies alba and Quercus spp. Instead of limiting deer impact, use of woody debris seemed to increase the negative effect of deer browsing on regeneration in control plots relatively to those without protection.     

Slow responses of understory plants of maple-dominated forests to white-tailed deer experimental exclusion

We examined the response of understory plants in mature maple-dominated forests of southern Québec, Canada, following about 30 years of high deer densities, using a deer exclosure experiment. An exclosure and a paired control of 625 m² each were established on six sites in 1998. An exclosure and a paired control of 16 m² were added at each of the same sites in 2003 but under a recent canopy gap to determine if light could enhance plant responses. We measured plant richness and abundance, and aboveground biomass of different plant groups for 8 years in the understory plots and for 3 years in the canopy gaps. Four herbaceous species were also monitored individually in the same plots. No significant differences between treatments were found in plots under forest cover, except for lateral obstruction at 0–50 cm height which was higher in the exclosures. Under canopy gaps, however, tree seedling and total plant abundance were higher in deer exclosures than in control plots. Trillium erectum recovered partially as individuals were taller, had larger leaves and more frequently produced a flower or a fruit in the absence of deer browsing under forest cover. To a lesser extent, Erythronium americanum and Maianthemum canadense also exhibited signs of recovery but were still at the single-leaf stage after 8 years of recovery. In general, the different plant groups exhibited little recovery following deer exclusion, possibly because of the low light levels that prevailed in the understory of undisturbed maple-dominated forests. The higher latitude of the present study could also contribute to the slow recovery rates of the different groups of plants compared to studies conducted in northeastern USA. Variability among sites and years had an effect on detection of statistically significant differences. Trends are however appearing over time, suggesting that many understory plants are recovering very slowly following deer exclusion. Our results emphasize the importance of studying large herbivore–forest interactions on different groups of plants, but also on specific species, and under different latitudes to be fully understood.     

定向苗木概念

定向苗木概念在评价更新造林和恢复造林中是个相对新而有效的方式。它强调苗木质量必须在造林地进行测定,而且不存在通用型优良苗木。特别是,定向苗木概念强调成功的造林项目需要苗圃经理和客户之间良好的沟通。定向苗木概念可以看做一个循环的反馈体系,从造林地反馈的信息来明确和细化适合每个造林项目的最佳苗木类型。     

鸡公山自然保护区引种药用植物调查研究

鸡公山自然保护区共引种栽培药用植物34科82种,其中裸子植物6科18种,被子植物28科64种。国家二级保护植物6种,国家三级保护植物4种。文章论述了保护区引种药用植物的种类、地点、用途及生长情况,并对其保护及引种驯化提出了建议。     

生物碱在植物保护管理中的应用

生物碱是一类重要植物次生代谢物,本文述及生物碱在植物保护管理中的应用,包括生物碱对有害昆虫、有害微生物、有害植物等有害生物管理上的研究进展。     

日本花叶矢竹组织培养与叶色变异研究

花叶矢竹是矢竹的一个栽培变种.该文以花叶矢竹的侧芽生长点为外植体,研究了单独添加不同质量浓度的6-苄基腺嘌呤(N-6-Benzyladenine,6-BA)、噻二唑苯基脲(Thidiazuron,TDZ)和玉米素(zeatin,ZT),BA与ZT相互组合,MS培养基与添加激素的培养基交替培养对花叶矢竹试管苗增殖生长及叶色变异的情况,结果表明:单独添加BA时促进试管苗侧芽增殖,新芽乳白色,叶片绿色条纹,而添加ZT的试管苗伸长生长良好;当BA与ZT相互作用时,以3 mg·L-1BA和3 mg·L-1ZT组合时芽增殖系数较大,且新苗生长良好;交替培养有利于新芽生长,且保持花叶特性.     

居住区绿地植物群落配置模式抑菌功能研究

以淮安市居住区不同配置的植物群落为样地,采用自然沉降法测定分析其抑菌功能。结果表明：乔灌配置绿地有着明显的抑菌效应,植物群落的抑菌效果因树种及环境因子差异而不同。各绿地的空气含菌量在15：30左右达到一天的最大值;常绿树种在冬季仍能发挥较好的抑菌功能。本研究可为构建生态健康的居住区绿地模式提供依据,对改善秋冬季节居住区环境质量具有积极意义。     

番茄果实成熟过程中色泽变化的研究进展

综述了番茄果实成熟过程中色泽变化的机理,以及环境条件和植物激素对番茄果实成熟过程中色泽变化的影响,并展望了今后的研究重点和方向。     

植物生长物质对黄瓜植株性别分化的影响

综述了植物生长物质如乙烯、赤霉素、生长素、多胺和油菜素内酯等对黄瓜性别分化的影响,同时介绍了黄瓜性别分化的分子机理研究概况,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

橡胶树品种热研88-13易碎胚性愈伤组织的诱导及其植株再生

以高产优质橡胶品种热研88-13的幼嫩种子内珠被为外植体材料,对愈伤组织诱导培养基和继代培养基中的影响因素如植物生长调节剂的种类和浓度、钙离子浓度等进行了研究。经过连续6个月的继代选择培养,逐渐诱导出易碎的胚性愈伤组织,适宜的易碎胚性愈伤组织诱导培养基为:MH基本成分,添加0.5 mg/L KT,2.0 mg/L 2,4-D,11.0 mmol/L CaCl2,80.0 g/L蔗糖和2.0 g/L Phytagel。组织学切片证明长期继代培养的易碎胚性愈伤组织维持了胚性的状态。取继代培养2 a多的易碎胚性愈伤组织诱导体细胞胚的形成,得到了16 000多个体细胞胚。将这些胚进行进一步的转移培养,得到了115株再生植株。