几种观赏型沉水植物对富营养化蓝绿藻类的抑制作用

一些大型沉水植物种类的存在对“水华”藻类的生长具有抑制作用,其主要机制是水生高等植物不仅与藻类竞争营养、光照和生长空间等生态资源,而且还可以向水中分泌具有抑制藻类生长的化感物质。通过连续滴加种植水的方式研究了3种观赏型沉水植物矮慈菇（Sagittaria pygmaea Miq）、杉叶藻（Hippuris vulgaris.）、石龙尾（Limnophila heterophylla）对5种富营养化淡水藻,蓝藻：铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aerugnasa）、纤维席藻（Phormidium tenue）;绿藻：衣藻（Chlamy domonas sajao）、四尾栅藻（Scenedesmus quaclricauda）、小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）的抑制作用。研究结果表明：（1）矮慈菇种植水对铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻、纤维席藻的生长没有影响,对小球藻的生长具有促进作用,对衣藻的生长具有明显的抑制作用;（2）杉叶藻种植水小球藻、衣藻和纤维席藻的生长没有影响,对四尾栅藻的生长具有促进作用,对铜绿微囊藻生长具有明显的抑制作用;（3）石龙尾种植水对小球藻、四尾栅藻、纤维席藻都具有明显的抑制作用,对铜绿微囊藻的生长没有影响,对衣藻的生长具有促进作用。3种沉水植物中,石龙尾的抑藻能力最强,矮慈菇和杉叶藻次之,石龙尾的化感抑藻效应更具有广谱性,在富营养化水体中与蓝绿藻类的竞争更具有优势,比较适用于改善城市景观水体水环境质量。     

浮游动物在生物操纵法除藻中的作用研究

采用室外现场实验和室内受控生态系统实验相结合的方法,研究了富营养化水体中浮游动物对藻类生长的控制作用。对浮游动物与藻类的计数与测量数据,利用SPSS统计软件进行了方差分析（LSD多重比较法）和相关性分析。实验结果显示,总磷含量比总氮含量对浮游动物生长的影响更大。浮游动物与藻类之间呈现显著或极显著相关关系,说明浮游动物群体,尤其甲壳类群体,在适当条件下对藻类群体以及其中的蓝藻有一定的控制作用。适当的鱼类密度下,浮游动物能够起有效的控藻作用,但鱼类密度过高会抑制该作用。底泥在生态系统中起重要作用,能够影响浮游动物对藻类的摄食力。     

水生植物对水体中氮、磷的吸收与抑藻效应的研究

研究了不同水生植物对富营养化水体氮、磷的净化效果及其抑藻效应。结果表明:金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)、空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)、浮萍(Lemna minor)和菹草(Potamogetom crispusLinn)对富营养化水体中总氮、总磷、硝态氮、氨氮都有较好的去除作用,其中以空心菜和金鱼藻效果最好。培养21d后的空心菜对总氮和硝态氮的吸收率分别为76.93%和71.9%;培养21d后的金鱼藻对总磷和氨氮的吸收率分别达到了93.15%和91.2%。水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)、金鱼藻、浮萍都具有较好的抑制藻类生长的作用,培养过以上3种水生植物的水体也表现出抑藻效应。     

重金属对水稻田土壤中藻类数量和种类的影响

研究表明水稻田土壤中藻类种群丰富,其中蓝藻11属、硅藻5属、绿藻7属、裸藻1属,数量上以蓝藻占优势,硅藻次之,绿藻、裸藻很少。经重金属铜、镍、铅、锌分别处理的土壤样品藻类数量变化很大,在低浓度时起促进作用,高浓度时起抑制作用,其临界值为铜10mg·kg~(-1),锌100mg·kg~(-1),镍>100mg·kg~(-1)。多种金属混合总体毒害增加,但铜、铅、毒害呈减弱趋势。除铜以外,这些重金属对藻类种群结构未有剧烈的影响,但铜在高浓度时对蓝藻的抑制作用比对硅藻的抑制作用强烈。     

洋河水库"水华"形成的关键因子

在野外观测分析的基础上进行了“水华”发生的实验研究,观察了从藻类增殖到“水华”形成的全过程,定量研究了“水华”的形成与总磷浓度之间的关系。结果表明:洋河水库发生“水华”的优势藻类为铜绿微囊藻,“水华”形成主要经过三个阶段,营养盐磷含量对“水华”的形成有重要影响,“水华”发生所需藻类的生物量阈值为38.9μgChla.L-1,在总氮浓度为5.0 mg.L-1的条件下,铜绿微囊藻的内禀增长率随培养液中总磷浓度的上升而增加,总磷浓度超过0.50 mg.L-1时增势逐渐减缓,直至饱和,且二者之间有很好的相关性,表明磷是洋河水库“水华”限制因子。     

藻类净化含氮磷有机污水及其利用研究进展

从利用藻类净化含氮、磷有机污水其净化作用及其机理、藻类培养环境调控及其生物量利用和新型藻类处理系统三方面介绍了国内外的有关研究现状及其发展趋势。     

Intercalation of the herbicide atrazine in layered double hydroxides for controlled-release applications

BACKGROUND: The herbicide atrazine was intercalated in the interlayer region of Mg/Al layered double hydroxides in order to produce a nanohybrid that could be used in controlled‐release applications. RESULTS: The hydrophobic herbicide was incorporated in artificial membranes formed in the interlayer of the inorganic host by using palmitic acid. The synthetic nanohybrid material was characterised by various techniques, and release studies were carried out. In addition, the photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang. was treated with the atrazine‐containing nanohybrid, which exerted an herbicidal efficacy similar to that of the free herbicide. CONCLUSION: The herbicide containing nanohybrid could enable a controlled release of the herbicide. In addition, the herbicide would be delivered close to its site of uptake, enhancing efficiency and reducing the required doses. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of surface growth of blue-green algae and bryophytes on some microbiological,biochemical, and physical soil properties

Summary The influence of surface growth of inoculated cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) on subsurface properties of a brown earth, silt loam soil was studied in reconstituted flooded soil columns. One blue-green algae species, Nostoc muscorum, become dominant within the first 7 days of inoculation. In light control columns (not inoculated) a bryophyte, Barbula recurvirostra, was dominant although significant growth of indigenous blue-green algae occurred. The blue-green algae counts were in the range of 1×10⁶ g^-1 dry soil in the surface layer (0–0.7 cm) in both columns. Any effect of surface phototrophic growth on soil properties was restricted to the surface layer. In inoculated columns there was a twofold increase in microbial biomass and an eightfold increase in bacterial numbers by week 13. However, bacterial numbers declined so that there was only a 2.8-fold increase by week 21. Dehydrogenase (x2.1), urease (x2.8) and phosphatase (x3.1) activities and polysaccharides (+69%) increased by week 21 as a result of the blue-green algae inoculation along with a significant improvement in soil aggregation. However, similar increases occurred in the light control columns, indicating that given appropriate conditions of light and moisture indigenous species may be ultimately as effective as introduced species in bringing about biochemical and microbiological changes to soil.     

海藻研究和成果应用综述

介绍了海藻的分类,综述了海藻在农业、能源、医学、食品保健、环境保护、光合机制机理方面的研究及应用,指出了我国藻研究仍然存在的问题并展望了今后的研究方向。