肉桂精油对辣椒疫霉菌的生物活性

为了研究肉桂精油对辣椒疫霉菌Phytophthora capsici的生物活性,离体条件下测定了肉桂精油对辣椒疫霉菌各个生长发育阶段的影响;观察了处理后供试菌菌丝形态结构的变化;测定了对菌丝体细胞膜通透性的影响;盆栽试验测定了药剂对辣椒疫病的防治效果。结果表明,肉桂精油对辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长的有效中浓度（EC₅₀）为111.89 mg/L;对病菌孢子囊产生的EC₅₀为61.09 mg/L;对孢子囊萌发的EC₅₀为95.14 mg/L;对游动孢子萌发的EC₅₀为54.88 mg/L。肉桂精油可显著降低辣椒疫霉菌菌丝的鲜重和干重,并使菌丝分支增多、变短;亦能提高该菌的细胞膜通透性。盆栽试验表明,肉桂精油对辣椒疫病具有很好的保护和治疗作用。可见,肉桂精油对辣椒疫霉菌具有明显的抑制作用,在防治辣椒疫病上具有较大的应用潜力。     

设施大棚间作玉米对丛枝菌根网络形成及辣椒疫病防治的影响

丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌对辣椒疫病等土传病害具有生防潜力,但由于难以纯培养而未能实现规模化生产应用,如能调动土著AM真菌的抑病功能则对实际生产具有重要指导意义。依托重庆石柱辣椒科技园,研究设施大棚中间作玉米对土著AM真菌生长及辣椒疫病防治的影响。结果表明,与辣椒单作相比,间作玉米处理辣椒根系AM真菌侵染率、根际AM真菌数量与土壤磷酸酶活性以及小区作物养分总吸收量均显著提高,辣椒疫病发病率与病情指数、单株辣椒的磷吸收量及果实生物量均显著下降,其中种植密度更高的等垄宽间作处理两种作物根系AM真菌侵染率、小区玉米产量及作物养分总吸收量均显著高于等行距间作处理,辣椒疫病发病率与之正好相反。设施环境下间作玉米或能通过促进AM真菌生长及其对辣椒根系的侵染来增强其对辣椒疫病的防治功效,其中等垄宽间作处理具有更好的经济效益。     

Influence of P and K fertilization on Phytophthora root rot or excess soil water injury of alfalfa cultivars

Abstract

Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is an important disease of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in wet soils. Excess soil water (ESW) stress is required for the successful infection and development of PRR. The effects of P at 0, 40, and 80 μg.g^‐1 soil and K at 0, 120, and 240 μg.g^‐1 soil (in factorial combinations) on the severity of PRR or ESW stress was investigated on a PRR‐susceptible (Iroquois) and a resistant (Oneida) alfalfa cultivar in a greenhouse trial. P and K applications significantly increased the dry weight of tops prior to imposition of PRR or ESW stress. However, plants subjected to PRR or ESW stress did not respond significantly to P or K and there was no significant effect of P or K on the severity of PRR or ESW injury. The plants subjected to PRR or ESW stress had lower tissue P concentration than those under stress‐free conditions. Increasing P additions resulted in a significant increase in P concentration of Iroquois plants, while in Oneida the response was non‐significant. The response of K concentration in the plant to increasing K additions was dependant on P levels.     

致病疫霉基因组微卫星标记开发

致病疫霉(Phytophthora infestans)引起的马铃薯晚疫病是影响马铃薯生产的第一大真菌病害.通过致病疫霉基因组开发微卫星标记,旨为致病疫霉群体遗传结构研究提供更系统、有效的标记.利用软件SciRoKo和ClustalX对致病疫霉基因组中微卫星序列长度≥25 bp的适合标记开发的位点及两端序列进行筛选.然后在这些位点的两端序列上设计专一性PCR扩增引物,选择9株致病疫霉菌对引物的专一性和微卫星的多态性进行检测.最后利用40株不同年份和地理来源的致病疫霉菌株对可行性微卫星标记进行等位基因数的确定及其多态性评估,然后选取部分标记对40株致病疫霉群体进行遗传多样性分析.共获得了33个具多态性的微卫星标记,占开发总数的28.7％,其多态信息含量(PIC)值都在0.164～0.614之间,其中PIC≥0.5的标记有7个,0.25 ＜PIC＜0.5的标记有25个,PIC≤0.25的有1个.发现致病疫霉微卫星基因型与其交配型及地理来源有一定相关性,与甲霜灵敏感性不相关.本研究开发出一批具有多态性微卫星标记,为致病疫霉群体遗传学研究机理提供更多多态性高,稳定性强的分子标记.     

Use of soil solarization to control root rots in gerberas (Gerbera jamesonii)

Summary An investigation was conducted during the summer months of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 in Western Australia to evaluate the effect of soil solarization on the control of root rot of gerbera an also on the microbial and nutrient status of the soil. Infested soil cores were sampled from a site where root-rot was a severe problem and were removed to a non-infested site where they were subjected to soil solarization or fumigation. Soil solarization resulted in reduced root rot (root disease index 28.6%) in comparison to the untreated control (52.0%) 8 months after planting. Plants in the fumigated plots had 15.8% less disease than those in solarized plots. Solarization increased the total numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, and the proportion of bacteria and fungi antogonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The proportion of actinomycetes antagonistic to these fungi, however, did not differ between solarized and control soil treatments. There was a significant reduction in disease in plants grown in infested fumigated soil to which a 10% concentration of solarized soil had been added, suggesting the development of microbial suppression in solarized soil. Phytophthora cryptogea was eradicated to 30 cm by solarization as well as by fumigation. Solarization eliminated R. solani but not F. oxysporum to a soil depth of 10 cm. Solarization increased the levels of NO _n3 ^– -N and NH₄ ⁺-N in soil, but did not affect the concentrations of PO₄ ^3–, K⁺, Fe²⁺, organic C and pH. Yield (as number of flowers per plant) was increased by soil solarization and by fumigation.Increased yields and decreased disease severity in the solarized plots could have been caused by (1) a reduction in the infectivity of the infested soils, (2) an increase in the suppressiveness of the soil, and (3) an increased available of plant nutrients.     

烟草内生细菌Itb295对黑胫病菌的抑制及其鉴定

[目的]确定分离自健康烟草植株的内生细菌Itb295的分类地位和生防潜能。[方法]通过平板对峙培养法测定菌株Itb295对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用,并结合菌株形态、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列(GenBank登录号JF496206)比对分析确定该菌株的分类地位。[结果]鉴定Itb295菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis。菌株Itb295对黑胫病菌菌丝生长抑制率为34.64%,受抑制的黑胫病菌菌丝膨大、扭曲、分支增多,不能正常生长,抑菌效果的可逆性分析显示受抑制的菌丝在OA培养基上能够正常生长。[结论]为烟草黑胫病的防治及内生细菌Itb295的进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

运用致病毒素筛选抗烟草黑胫病细胞突变体I抗毒素愈伤组织的有效筛选

以６０Ｃｏ－γ射线照射烟草优质感病品种的花药作为诱变手段,用烟草黑胫病疫霉菌粗毒素为筛选剂,对烟草花粉植株叶片的愈伤组织,进行抗病突变体细胞的筛选．试验表明：毒素对烟草愈伤组织的存活和增殖有明显的抑制作用,抑制程度随毒素浓度提高而加强,同一浓度对不同品种也存在着差异．综合毒素浓度对烟草愈伤组织抑制、增殖程度及筛选的有效性,初步认为：筛选红大和Ｋ３２６抗黑胫病突变体细胞的最适粗毒素浓度分别为３０％和４５％．所筛选出的抗病突变体细胞,其细胞水平的抗性与再生植株的抗病性鉴定相吻合．     

5种蒿属植物提取物对马铃薯晚疫病的抑菌活性研究

以牛尾蒿、黑蒿、艾蒿、青蒿及茵陈蒿5种蒿属植物的乙醇提取物为供试药剂,采用带毒平板法测定蒿属植物的乙醇提取物对马铃薯晚疫病pn5502和pn7604菌株的抑菌活性,采用硅胶柱层析法对牛尾蒿的乙醇提取物的抑菌活性成分进行追踪,筛选抑制马铃薯晚疫病菌活性成分。结果表明：当各粗提物浓度为1 mg/mL时,对供试菌株均有一定的抑菌活性,其中牛尾蒿粗提物的抑菌活性最强,对菌株pn5502和pn7604的抑菌率分别为89.04%和71.38%。其中,馏分Fr₁浓度为0.5 mg/mL时,对2株菌的抑制活性高达100%。馏分Fr₁对pn5502的EC₅₀为7.4733 μg/mL,对pn7604的EC₅₀为9.4634 μg/mL。因此,5种蒿属植物的乙醇提取物对2株马铃薯晚疫病均有一定的抑菌活性,其中牛尾蒿馏分Fr1抑制作用最强,抑菌活性高于阳性对照药剂霜脲·锰锌,其抑菌活性成分值得进一步研究。     

马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟吡菌胺抗性监测及9种常规药剂对马铃薯晚疫病田间防效评估

为探明北方一季作区马铃薯晚疫病菌(Phytophthora infestans)对氟吡菌胺抗性发生动态,2012～2016年自河北、内蒙古、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江等地区采集分离到马铃薯晚疫病菌520个菌株,采用菌丝生长速率法检测供试菌株对氟吡菌胺的敏感性,并以茎叶喷雾法评价9种生产上常用药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防治效果.结...     

Rapid detection of potato late blight using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay

Potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is one of the most destructive plant diseases that threaten global food security. Early and effective diagnosis of P. infestans is required before disease management decisions are made. Here, we developed a quick protocol to detect P. infestans based on a loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) assay. The P. infestans specific multiple copy DNA sequences(PiSMC), a transposon-like element, provides an ideal target for molecular detection of this pathogen. We designed highly specific and sensitive primers allowing effective LAMP detection of the pathogen at 64℃ in 70 min. In the validation assay, all 15 P. infestans isolates collected from China, Europe and South America could be positively detected, but results of the other 9 Phytophthora species infecting different plants, fungal and bacterial plant pathogens tested were negative. The detection limit of this assay is 1 pg P. infestans DNA. Moreover, the LAMP-PiSMC assay is able to detect P. infestans from infected leaves, tubers and soil. Taken together, this study reports the development of a specific and sensitive LAMP-PiSMC assay for early diagnosis of potato late blight.