Contamination history of suspended river sediments accumulated in oxbow lakes over the last 25 years

Background, aims, and scope  Embankment of meandering river systems in many industrial areas results in the formation of artificial oxbow lakes that may act as perennial or intermittent traps for river sediments. Their deposits can be dated using a combination of historical and stratigraphic data, providing a good means to study historical records of contamination transported by rivers. Contamination history over the last few decades is of special significance for Central and Eastern Europe as it can reflect high pollutant levels in the second half of the twentieth century and the subsequent improvement after the fall of the Iron Curtain. The purpose of this study was to investigate recent sediments of an oxbow lake of the Morava River, Czech Republic, their stratigraphic records, sediment architecture, and history of contamination. Materials and methods  Seven ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles and three sediment cores up to 4 m deep were studied. The stratigraphy of the cores was inferred from visible-light spectrophotometry, X-ray radiography, grain size analysis, and semiquantitative modal analysis of sandy fractions. The sediments were dated using the ¹³⁷Cs mass activity and combinations of stratigraphic and historical data. The cores were sampled for concentrations of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Wet sampled, lyophilized, and sieved sediments were extracted and analyzed for heavy metals by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of aqua regia leachate and for persistent organic pollutants by gas chromatography (GC-ECD and GC-MS). Results  Three distinct sedimentary sequences (S1, S2, and S3) were identified. The basal sequence S1 represents river channel sediments deposited before the formation of the oxbow lake, most likely before the 1930s. The boundary between the S1 and S2 sequence correlates with the level of sediment dredging from 1981 evidenced from historical data. The overlying sequences S2 and S3 represent a postdredging sediment wedge, which progrades into the lake. ¹³⁷Cs dating revealed a distinct Chernobyl 1986 peak at ∼150 cm depth inferring sedimentation rates up to 7.7 cm/year. Sediment contamination abruptly increased from the pre-1930s deposits to the post-1981 deposits. The concentration levels increased two to five times for Pb, As, Zn, and Cu, about 10 to 15 times for Cr, Sb, and Hg, up to 34 times for Cd, and 25 to 67 times for DDTs, PCBs, and PAHs. The concentrations of most contaminants remained approximately constant until the late 1980s when they started to decrease slowly. The decreasing trends were most prominent for heavy metals and anthracene, less prominent for DDTs, and almost absent for PCBs and most PAHs. Discussion  Different temporal and spatial patterns for various contaminants make it possible to distinguish between anthropogenic point sources from local industry (anthracene, Cr, Cd), possible diffuse sources (most PAHs), and geological background (V, Co, Ni, and Mo). The observed recent trends in heavy metal and persistent organic pollutant contamination are generally consistent with data from other Central European rivers. The roughly balanced contamination levels in sediments from the lake and the adjacent river channel suggest that the oxbow lake deposits reflect immediate levels of the contamination bound to suspended particulate matter passing through the river. Conclusions  The investigated oxbow lake accumulated suspended sediment from Morava River, developing a thick sedimentary body. The sediments offer a good time framework to study historical contamination of the river on a decade time scale. Continuous contamination trends can be traced back to the early 1980s. The results show that stratigraphic analysis of cores has a good potential for identification of uninterrupted historical trends and unconformities, e.g., due to dredging. Recommendations and perspectives  Oxbow lakes may provide an alternative to floodplains and reservoir deposits when studying river contamination history. High sedimentation rates of up to 7.7 cm/year offer a very good stratigraphic resolution, making it possible to study contamination patterns on annual or even seasonal time scales. On the other hand, oxbow lakes may represent long-term contamination stores, which are unlikely to be redistributed by river erosion and, hence, may possess significant environmental risks for the farther future.     

黄土高原地带连续性暴雨特征分析

通过研究甘肃庆阳地区连续性暴雨的成因及特征,为该地区的灾害性暴雨天气预报预警提供参考依据,本研究利用常规气象资料和诊断分析技术分析了庆阳地区2017年8月17—22日连续性暴雨过程。结果表明：(1)连续暴雨前期降水历时短,强度大,分布不均匀,突发性明显；中期持续时间较长,范围广,局地降水强度强,累计降水量较大；后期持续时间长,范围广,分布均匀,累计降水量大。(2)低空急流低层抬升和高空急流抽吸造成了连续性暴雨的发生发展。(3)中尺度云团较为活跃,组织化程度高,持续时间长。(4)前期大气处于极度高能不稳定状态,中期不稳定能量有所下降,后期不稳定能量急剧下降。(5)前期比湿突增明显,跃变值达4g/kg,且比中后期大。     

鲁西北一次农业致灾暴雨天气成因分析

为了揭示局地暴雨天气的成因,以期为此类农业灾害性天气的预报预警提供指示,笔者利用常规观测资料、加密自动站资料和多普勒雷达回波资料,对鲁西北地区2012年7月4—5日暴雨天气过程的环流背景、物理量场特征和中小尺度系统进行分析。结果表明：此次暴雨的主要影响系统是高空西风槽、切变线和低空急流;聊城地区水汽通量散度所揭示的强水汽辐合时间与垂直运动发展增强时间没有很好的对应,因此此次强降水时间较短;暴雨落区与强上升运动的发展区域在空间上相关性更好;对流层低层辐合线触发了不稳定能量的释放产生暴雨;此次暴雨过程的局地特点可以用中小尺度系统进行解释,而中小尺度系统的跟踪一定程度上依赖于区域站资料的开发应用;多普勒雷达的强雷达回波单体和阵风锋能较好地解释此次局地暴雨过程,多普勒雷达产品的应用有待近一步深化研究。     

重庆西部区域性阻塞型暴雨浅析

利用1981—2010年重庆市34个气象观测站的日(20时—20时)降水量资料及空间间隔为2.5°×2.5°的NECP/NCAR逐6小时再分析资料,对重庆西部区域性阻塞型暴雨天气过程进行统计合成分析,结果表明：(1)导致渝西阻塞型暴雨的大尺度环流背景场为稳定的“两槽一脊”型环流,贝加尔湖低槽与东移的四川盆地低槽同位相叠加,副高西伸并稳定维持,位势场呈现“西低东高”的特点;(2)来自于南海地区的水汽持续输送至重庆西部地区为暴雨过程的产生和维持提供了有利的水汽条件;(3)暴雨发生前后温湿场发生了明显变化,温度场上暴雨发生前和发生时暴雨区附近有着较强的暖平流,而暴雨发生后为明显冷平流,湿度场上700hPa上10g/kg等比湿线及850hPa上15g/kg等比湿线可作为渝西阻塞型暴雨的一个预报参考指标。     

广西一次冬季暴雨的水汽特征分析

为分析2012 年1 月13—15 日广西暴雨过程的水汽来源、急流的输送作用和水汽饱和程度等特征,使用天气学分析和动力诊断的方法分析NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料、红外云图等资料。结果表明：孟加拉湾和南海是本次暴雨过程的2 个水汽源地,500~700 hPa 中低空西南急流的建立和加强使孟加拉湾成为主要水源地,加强了暴雨区的水汽供应。而这支急流的维持依赖于200 hPa加强的副热带锋区西风急流入口区南侧的强辐散作用。不同源地的水汽输送高度不同,水汽通量中心出现在700 hPa。600 hPa 以下为水汽通量辐合层,700~850 hPa 辐合强度远大于925~1000 hPa;水汽通量中心在暴雨区的上风方,水汽辐合中心在水汽通量中心沿气流去向的一侧,700~850 hPa 叠加的辐合中心处即为暴雨区,辐合高度的升高、湿层剧烈向上扩展都可作为暴雨征兆。以上分析得出了冬季暴雨过程中水汽条件的形成机制,得出预报着眼点,对提高此类暴雨预报准确率有较大作用。     

基于AHP和PCA的暴雨灾害风险区划——以河南省卫辉市为例

为充分了解卫辉市暴雨灾害的时空分布特征和发生规律,最大限度减轻灾害造成的损失,根据气象灾害系统理论及目前国际上流行的评估模型,选取卫辉市1961—2014年各乡镇灾情、雨量站的逐日降水量、DEM、GDP、农民人均收入等数据,利用层次分析法(AHP)和主成分分析法(PCA)构建了暴雨灾害风险评估模型,并通过ArcGIS绘制分辨率为30 m×30 m的灾害风险区划图。结果表明：卫辉市暴雨灾害风险等级自中部向四周呈递减总趋势。其中,孙杏村镇、汲水镇、顿坊店乡、上乐村镇的灾害风险等级较高,容易发生致灾性较强的暴雨灾害;而太公泉镇、后河镇、李源屯镇、狮豹头乡的灾害风险等级较低,暴雨灾害对当地农业生产的危害不大。[结论]该研究对政府及相关部门制订气象灾害防御方案、调整农业结构布局等具有重要的参考意义。     

川滇地区主汛期暴雨洪水灾害风险评价

[目的]对川滇地区主汛期暴雨洪水灾害风险等级分布及特征进行研究,以期为区域暴雨洪水灾害的防御提供理论参考。[方法]采用反距离加权空间插值(IDW),自然灾害风险指数等方法。[结果]暴雨洪水灾害的高、较高风险区主要集中在川东盆地和云南省南部边缘地区;中度风险区主要分布在川西南山地和云南省的大部分地区;较低灾害风险区零星分布在滇东高原、滇西北地区和川西高原东北部等地;低风险区主要位于川西高原地区。[结论]大气环流、降水量、地形地貌、河网水系是影响川滇地区主汛期暴雨洪水灾害的主要因素,人类活动对区域下垫面性质的改变,是加剧暴雨洪水灾害的触动因素。     

近50年菏泽市暴雨气候特征

为了揭示菏泽市暴雨气候特征,笔者利用菏泽市9个气象站50年的暴雨资料进行了研究。选取1960—2009年历年3—11月菏泽市9个站的逐日（20:00—20:00）降水资料,采用多种统计方法分析菏泽市多年暴雨气候规律。结果表明：菏泽市暴雨年际变化及年代际变化离差较大,60年代暴雨较多,之后较少,2000年之后又呈增长趋势。并且在1974年和2003年发生明显突变。1974年以前和2003年以来暴雨发生次数较多,1975—2002年期间暴雨发生次数较少。暴雨发生有明显的区域性,区域分布呈东南向西北递减的趋势,并且南北易受不同系统影响。本研究对做好暴雨预报,开拓气象服务,防灾减灾有一定参考作用。     

基于WEPP模型的多级梯田暴雨侵蚀模拟初步研究

针对2013年6—9月份安塞县马家沟多级梯田遭受暴雨侵蚀严重等问题,运用新一代水蚀预报模型WEPP模型对马家沟多级梯田在暴雨条件下的侵蚀情况进行模拟,并将WEPP模型模拟的结果与实测资料进行了对比。结果表明:WEPP 模型能够较好地模拟黄土丘陵区多级梯田在暴雨条件下的径流量以及土壤侵蚀量,随着梯田级数的增加,WEPP模型对径流量与侵蚀量的模拟精度逐渐降低。由于受该区地下水的影响,模拟径流量总体小于采用径流系数法算得的径流量,由于梯田田埂的防蚀作用,模拟土壤侵蚀量总体大于实测侵蚀量。研究为黄土丘陵区梯田防蚀以及梯田修筑提供科学依据及有效方法,为黄土丘陵区多级梯田的暴雨侵蚀预测提供了合理化建议。     

World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guidelines for evaluating the efficacy of acaricides against (mange and itch) mites on ruminants

These guidelines have been prepared to assist in the planning, conduct and interpretation of studies for the assessment of the efficacy of acaricides against mange and itch mites on ruminants. Information is provided on the selection of animals, dose determination, dose confirmation and field studies, record keeping and result interpretation. These guidelines also are intended to assist the investigators on how to conduct specific experiments, to provide specific information for registration authorities involved in the decision-making process, to assist in the approval and registration of new ectoparasiticides, and to facilitate the worldwide adoption of standard procedures.