湛江港沙湾对虾养殖场虾池水质状况分析

2002年4～7月,对湛江港沙湾对虾养殖场虾池的水质及对虾的生长情况进行连续监测,应用单项指标评价、富营养化评价等方法,对该养殖场的水质状况进行了评价和营养分级。结果表明,该养殖场的水质呈高N低P状态,水温、DO和大部分池的pH、DRP符合第二类海水水质标准,DIN超标,超标率达70%,该养殖场目前处于P中等限制潜在性富营养水平阶段。     

海水池塘养殖模式优化：概念、原理与方法

随着海洋渔业资源衰退和人类社会对水产品需求的持续增长,海水养殖规模逐年扩大,养殖生产对环境的影响也日益严重[1-6]。现已确认海水鱼虾类养殖是造成海洋沿岸带水域富营养化的重要污染源之一[5-8],这一严峻现实要求今后在发展海水养殖产业时不仅需要宏观上对养殖区域和养     

豹纹鳃棘鲈工厂化养殖试验

利用闲置的鲍鱼养殖池进行豹纹鳃棘鲈工厂化养殖模式的研究。养殖池长宽高为9 m×3 m×2 m,有效水深约1.7 m,设3个进水口,采用下排上溢的排水方式,在距池底高20 cm处建3排6个进气管,管上打孔增氧。在池中放置一长宽高为6.0 m×3.0 m×1.5 m的网箱,将豹纹鳃棘鲈放在网箱中养殖,有效水体深1.2 m。养殖用水处理:海边沙滤井→沉淀池→三级过滤池→紫外线消毒池→活化珊瑚石过滤→养殖池(下排上溢)→上溢养殖废水用于东风螺或双壳贝类养殖,下排养殖废水进入污水沉淀处理池。在2011年7月放养9 000尾全长10 cm的优质豹纹鳃棘鲈苗种,经过约15个月的养殖,共养成每尾平均体重约742 g的商品鱼5 710 kg,养殖成活率达85.5%,单位产量达12.4 kg·m-3。     

对虾白斑病围栏封闭预防技术

“对虾白斑病的围栏封闭预防技术”是一项针对沿海低位池塘、以切断传染病源为主旨、以设置防蟹围栏为特色的对虾白斑病综合预防技术。其主要措施为：首先在贮水(兼水处理)池和养殖池周围设置防蟹围栏，将该等池塘封闭起来，使杂蟹不会从陆地侵入池内；然后通过60目滤网进水，并用敌百虫或敌杀死处理上述两种池塘，杀灭以蟹类为主的一切甲壳动物；解毒后，放养经检测不带白斑症病毒的虾苗；采取封闭式养殖，养殖期中只向养殖池加水以补充渗漏和蒸发的水损失；加水时，先将海水在贮水池中用药物处理，杀灭其中的传染该病的媒介生物(主要是桡足类)，药物解毒后再注入养殖池。此外，作为辅助措施，在养殖期中从多方面尽量保证虾池中有一个良好的生态环境。该技术已经过预备研究、实验研究和扩大试验等阶段，均证明效果良好。已扩大试验了近33．33hm^2(其中实际养虾池约17．33hm^2)，成功率达96％左右。     

Rearing of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) in traditional fish ponds (whedos): Effect of stocking density on growth, production and body composition

African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (initial body weight: 34.8 ± 4.8 g) and vundu catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis) (initial body weight: 39.1 ± 8.2 g) fingerlings were stocked at densities of 4, 6 or 8 fish m^− 3 in traditional fish ponds (whedos) constructed in the floodplain of the Oueme River (South Benin, West Africa), for 70 days from March to June 2005. Fish were fed twice a day with 34% crude protein feed formulated with locally available ingredients. The effects of stocking density were evaluated in growth responses, gross production and body composition. Water quality variables were similar (p > 0.05) in all compartments. Temperature and pH were at the optimum level for fish. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 0.9 to 1.2 mg l^− 1 during the experiment and secchi disc transparency was low (< 14 cm). In both species, growth responses increased with the increasing density, significantly in African catfish stocked at density of 8 fish m^− 3 compared to the other densities (4 and 6 fish m^− 3) but not significantly in vundu catfish. Production data ranged from 3.1 ± 0.5 to 22.8 ± 4.5 t ha^− 1 year^− 1 in African catfish and from 6.1 ± 1.2 to 15.1 ± 3.1 t ha^− 1 year^− 1 in vundu catfish. Production increased with increasing stocking densities but only significantly (p < 0.05) between the density of 8 fish m^− 3 and the other densities. In both species, carcass fat increased with increasing density (p < 0.05) while carcass protein and moisture decreased (p > 0.05). These results are important because they indicate that, as far as growth rate and production are concerned, African catfish is more profitable than vundu catfish for culture at high density in whedo.     

Stimulating effects of pond water on digestive enzyme activity in the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone)

Crude enzyme extracts were obtained from the digestive glands of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone), reared in oligotrophic well water and eutrophic shrimp pond water to compare digestive enzyme activity between the two groups. Specific activities of serine protease, collagenase, amylase, cellulase, lipase and acid phosphatase were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in pond water‐reared shrimp (PW shrimp) than in well water reared‐shrimp (WW shrimp). For most enzymes assayed, specific activity was more than two times higher in PW shrimp, and cellulase activity was over six times higher. In contrast, chitinase activity was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in WW shrimp. Higher specific activity of most digestive enzymes in PW shrimp was probably due to natural productivity in the pond water that served as a source of organic substrates, and this increased activity may contribute to the growth‐enhancing effect of shrimp pond water.     

Comparison of food selection and growth performance of koi carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.) in mono- and polyculture rearing in tropical ponds

To compare the effect of polyculture against conventional monoculture on ornamental carp production, investigations on food selection and growth performance of koi carp (K), Cyprinus carpio L. and goldfish (G), Carassius auratus (L.) were conducted in a 11‐week rearing experiment in two monoculture (100% K and 100% G) and five polyculture (90% K–10% G, 70% K–30% G, 50% K–50% G, 30% K–70% G and 10% K–90% G) conditions in tropical ponds. There were three replicates for each treatment. Environmental conditions and food availability were similar in all the treatments. Ivlev's electivity index showed that both fish species avoided phytoplankton and preferred cladocerans to other zooplankton groups (copepods and rotifers) in monotypic conditions. However, in the polyculture treatments, the positive electivity of goldfish towards cladocerans reduced significantly (P<0.05), while the percentage of copepods, rotifers and phytoplankton in the gut content increased. No significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate and deformities were recorded at harvest for koi carp between the different treatments (P>0.05). Even the survival rate of koi carp recorded above 90% in all the treatments. However, the goldfish recorded significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and survival in monoculture (100% G), compared with the polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Goldfish deformities were lowest (P<0.05) in the monoculture treatment (2.42%). The number of marketable fish above a set size limit of 4 g total weight was significantly higher in the two monoculture treatments, compared with the five polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Keeping in view of the dietary similarities of koi carp and goldfish, and the aggressive nature of koi carp in polyculture, it is suggested to refrain from polyculture of goldfish and koi carp until further documentations relating to optimum stocking density and management of polyculture of ornamental carps are available.     

盐碱池塘浮游动物的种类组成和生物量

１９９７年４月５日至１９９８年９月１日对山东高青盐碱池塘浮游动物的种类组成和季节变动进行了研究，结果表明，高青盐碱池塘含盐量变动于１.36-20g.G^-1，总碱度变动于２.4-72.mmol.L^-1,pH值８－９浮游动物主要是淡水盐种或喜盐种，一些是典型的盐水种，浮游动物优势种有团焰毛虫，双环栉毛虫，锥瓶口虫，瓜形膜袋虫，旋回侠盗虫和绿色前管虫（原生动物），褶皱臂尾轮虫，暗小异尾轮虫，萼花臂尾轮虫，角突臂尾轮虫，壶状臂尾轮虫，卜氏晶囊轮虫，简单前翼轮虫，角三肢轮虫和针族多肢轮虫（轮虫）微型裸腹和长肢秀体（枝角类），细巧华哲水蚤，近邻剑水蚤和台液温剑水蚤，（桡足类），无鱼对照池和新挖池塘的浮游动物生物量均较一般养鱼池塘的高。     

施肥对多盐水池塘浮游植物演替的影响

选择辽宁盘锦光合水产有限公司养殖基地为试验场所,于2002年春季4~5月进行试验。选择5个具有代表性的土池作为试验池,同时另选一土池作为对照池。研究相同N/P比值下不同施肥量对室外土池多盐水体的水化学和浮游植物群落、叶绿素a含量和初级生产力的影响,以及浮游动物对浮游植物的下行效应。共检出浮游生物42种。其中,浮游植物33种,浮游动物9种。浮游植物生物量高达288.2 mg.L-1,优势种为蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidesa)。叶绿素a含量为5.89~325.44μg.L-1。各池在第2次施肥后5~6天,叶绿素a含量达到高值,之后开始下降,8~9 d后恢复到原来水平。初级生产力均值为4.40 g(O2).m-2.d-1,呈低-高-低的变化,极值为1.25 g(O2).m-2.d-1和10.92 g(O2).m-2.d-1。以施N 2.0 mg.L-1、P 0.3 mg.L-1的4#池高峰期维持最长,施肥量的不同对浮游植物的生物量、种类数和种类组成影响较大。在北方地区的多盐水池塘,施氮磷混合肥能有效促进小球藻等藻类增长,达到定向培育的目的。     

虾塘沉积物—水界面的营养盐扩散通量及其在养殖季节的变化

以自行设计的方法测定了对虾养殖环境中沉积物-水界面的营养盐扩散通量。结果表明，营养盐自底质向养殖水体的扩散贯穿于整个对虾养殖季节；该扩散通量的最大值出现在养殖后期的有机质污染区，即投铒区；在污染区，养殖后期的扩散通量大大高于养殖前期，但在非污染区却未见其随养殖季节的明显差异；污染区的扩散通量始终高于非污染区，且随养殖时间的推移，该差异逐渐增大。此外，还比较了新、旧虾塘之间的营养盐扩散通量的差异。初步探讨了底质溶出营养盐对对虾养殖环境的影响。