Toxicological effects of oxyfluorfen on oxidative stress enzymes in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

Several environmental pollutants enhance the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species, and can lead to the damage of macromolecules and a decrease in oxidant defences levels in fish. The effects of the herbicide oxyfluorfen on the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase were evaluated in freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus. These were determined in tilapia liver exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.3 and 0.6 mg/L at 7, 14, and 21 days of exposure. This study also analyzed the effects of oxyfluorfen on the total fatty acid profile. The results showed that CAT activity was higher in tilapia exposed to oxyfluorfen at the sampling days, except at the highest concentration after 21 days. Similarly, the enhancing effect of the herbicide was observed on the GR activity. However, its effect was moderate at the highest dose. On the contrary, fish treated with oxyfluorfen at both doses displayed a decrease in the SOD activity. After 7 days of treatment at both concentrations tilapia showed a significant increase in GST levels, although the enzymatic activity decreased at 14 and 21 days of exposition when compared with the control. The major saturated fatty acids measured in tilapia liver were the palmitic acid (C16:0; 17.9%) and stearic acid (C18:0; 8.7%). The exposure to oxyfluorfen caused a significant increase of the oleic acid (C18:1), whereas the amount of nervonic acid (C24:1) increased at all sampling data. The results of the present study should be taken in account when using tilapia as an environmental indicator species in studies of xenobiotic biotransformation and biomarker response, as well as in monitoring programmes.     

果尔在大果沙棘一年生嫩枝扦插苗移植后除草中的应用

在大果沙棘一年生扦插苗移植生产工作中,由于采用了大垄双行密植栽培,给人工除草工作带来很大困难,用人工除草不但用工量过大,投资大,而且要损失很多苗木,因此,选择适合于沙棘嫩枝扦插苗除草方式方法,是我们育苗科技工作者急于解决的问题之一。我们在生产实践中经过反复试验证明,应用除草剂是大果沙棘嫩枝扦插苗除草的最佳方法之一。我们根据一些除草剂的理化性质、毒性、作用机制、产品特点,选择了几种除草剂,进行田间试验,结果表明果尔除草效果好,可以推广使用。     

乙氧氟草醚在杉木苗田除草试验的报告

乙氧氟草醚在杉木苗田中的除草效果与温度、光照、天气变化、土壤状况及杂草大小、种类密切相关。通过试验发现,选择在晴天、阴天,温度高、光照好、土壤湿润的条件下均匀施药能有效地发挥它的除草效果。     

乙氧氟草醚在大蒜和土壤中的残留动态

采用田间试验方法研究了乙氧氟草醚在大蒜和土壤中的残留和降解情况,以评价大蒜生产中乙氧氟草醚残留对环境的污染程度以及所得产品的食用安全性。样品经丙酮/乙酸乙酯提取,微波加热处理,弗罗里硅土柱净化,气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测。结果显示,乙氧氟草醚在0.01~1.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9980,在大蒜及其植株和土壤中的添加回收率为85.2%~104.1%,相对标准偏差为1.8%~9.6%。在大蒜植株中残留量太低,以致消解现象不明显;土壤中消解明显,半衰期为15.4~18.6天,药后42天消解90%以上。使用30%乙氧氟草醚·扑草净可湿性粉剂按照900 g a.i./hm2和1 350 g a.i./hm2用药量分别土壤喷雾,不同收获期的蒜薹及大蒜样品中乙氧氟草醚的残留量均小于检出限0.01 mg/kg,低于日本和以色列规定的最高残留限量0.05 mg/kg。综上所述,使用30%乙氧氟草醚·扑草净可湿性粉剂防治大蒜田间杂草,按450~900 g a.i./hm2于大蒜播种后发芽前土壤喷雾处理一次,所收获产品食用安全。