外源NO对缺铁胁迫下花生生理特性的影响

为探讨外源NO对缺铁胁迫下花生生理特性的影响,采用溶液培养方法,研究了营养液中Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10、100 mol/L 条件下,外施250 mol/L硝普钠（SNP, 一种NO 供体）对花生生理特性以及矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,在相同供铁水平下,外施NO可促进花生幼苗的生长,提高根系活力、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶片抗氧化酶活性,降低胞间CO2 浓度和MDA 含量,抑制花生对P 的吸收;在Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10 mol/L 条件下综合效果更显著。在0、10、100 mol/L Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 中施加SNP 处理20d 后,叶片活性铁含量分别比未施加SNP处理提高了130.7%、136.4%、56.1%,差异显著;同时植株全铁含量及地上部吸铁量占植株总量的百分率也显著提高。说明外源NO可促进铁从根部向植株地上部的运输以及植株体内铁的有效性,提高了铁的运输和利用效率,有效缓解缺铁胁迫的抑制。同时,外施NO还可提高花生叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/b值。在Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA 浓度分别为0、10 mol/L 条件下,添加SNP 可以明显降低生长介质的pH,比较 1d 内生长介质中pH 变化看出,花生在14h左右分泌H+ 的能力最强。     

不同产地毛头鬼伞子实体多糖特征及其刺激巨噬细胞产生NO的活性

用水提醇沉法从6个不同产地毛头鬼伞(Coprinus comatus)子实体中获得6种粗多糖,6种粗多糖得率及多糖含量差异较大,以湖北(HB)的最高,其次为云南(YN)的;各粗多糖分子量分布相似,单糖组成均以葡萄糖为主,并含有少量半乳糖;除福建(FJ)外,其余5种粗多糖均能增强小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7释放NO的产量,以YN和HN的活性较好,总体来说,YN的多糖产量及活性较好.     

青蒿素与青蒿水提液对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫肉鸡的疗效评价

为评价青蒿素和青蒿水提液抗球虫的效果,选择体重相近20日龄黄羽肉鸡120只,随机分为健康组,病理组,青蒿组和青蒿素组4组.测定血清中一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)含量.结果表明,病理组抗球虫指数为52.7,青蒿组为172.6,青蒿素组为145.4;青蒿和青蒿素能够降低血清中NO和NOS含量.说明青蒿水提液和青...     

合成条件对氧气氧化合成水钠锰矿的影响

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the dynamics of soil microbial biomass in a rainfed soil under wheat cultivation at the University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. The treatments applied were: 1) a control (CK), 2) NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot^-1), 3) farmyard manure (FYM, 110 g pot^-1), 4)poultry manure (PM, 110 g pot^-1), 5) FYM (110 g pot^-1) NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot^-1), 6) poultry manure (PM, 110 g pot^-1) NPK (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot^-1), 7) FYM (110 g pot^-1) NPK(S) (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot^-1 one half of the NPK at sowing and the other half one month after sowing), and 8) PM (110 g pot^-1) NPK(S) (0.44-0.26-0.18 g pot^-1, one half of the NPK applied at sowing and the other half one month after sowing). The experiment was laid out using a completely randomized design with three replications. Microbial biomass C, N and P contents increased continuously from the beginning of the experiment up to the three-leaf stage. A slight decline was observed at the tillering stage in all treatments except with the organic manures NPK(S) treatments. After tillering there was an increase in all treatments to the recorded maximum point at the full heading stage in all treatments except with the organic manures NPK(S) treatments. In the FYM NPK(S) and PM NPK(S) treatments; however, there was a continuous increase in microbial biomass up to the heading stage. At the harvesting stage a sharp decline was noted in all treatments. The C:N ratio of microbial biomass in tested soil ranged from 7.8 to 11.3, while C:P ratio of microbial biomass in the tested soil ranged from 22.6 to 35.1 throughout all growth stages of the wheat crop.     

温带森林中风倒形成的坑和丘对土壤性质和温室气体排放的影响

Pit and mound micro-relief(resultant microsites from trees uprooted by windthrow) could have regimes of microclimate and soil features that differ from areas of undisturbed soil. In an attempt to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the significance of pits and mounds on soil features and also the dynamics of greenhouse gas(GHG) fluxes at local scale, this study was carried out in a reserved area of Darabkola forest in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. The age of a pit and mound was considered equal to the degree of decay of the blown down tree. Three microsites were distinguished, consisting of pit bottom(PB), mound top(MT) and undisturbed area(UA). Soil samples were taken at 0–15 and 15–30 cm depths from all microsites and analysed for soil physical, chemical and biological features. Our findings suggested that in context of forest ecology, pits and mounds following windthrow events should be considered as an effective factor influencing soil features(i.e., density, texture, water content, p H, organic C, total N, available nutrients and earthworm density/biomass) and especially GHG fluxes. Results showed that MT acted as a sink for N2O(-0.010 mg N2 O m-2d-1) and CH4(-0.257 mg CH4m-2d-1) fluxes and also produced lower CO2 concentrations(0.095 mg CO2 m-2d-1) than PB(0.207 mg CO2 m-2d-1) and UA(0.098 mg CO2 m-2d-1). As a consequence, a separation into pits/mounds would be important for a precise budgeting of greenhouse gases.     

Effect of improved fallow on crop productivity, soil fertility and climate-forcing gas emissions in semi-arid conditions

The impacts of fallow on soil fertility, crop production and climate-forcing gas emissions were determined in two contrasting legumes, Gliricidia sepium and Acacia colei, in comparison with traditional unamended fallow and continuous cultivation systems. After 2 years, the amount of foliar material produced did not differ between the two improved fallow species; however, grain yield was significantly elevated by 55% in the first and second cropping season after G. sepium compared with traditional fallow. By contrast, relative to the unamended fallow, a drop in grain yield was observed in the first cropping season after A. colei, followed by no improvement in the second. G. sepium had higher foliar N, K and Mg, while A. colei had lower foliar N but higher lignin and polyphenols. In the third year after fallow improvement, a simulated rainfall experiment was performed on soils to compare efflux of N₂O and CO₂. Improved fallow effects on soil nutrient composition and microbial activity were demonstrated through elevated N₂O and CO₂ efflux from soils in G. sepium fallows compared with other treatments. N₂O emissions were around six times higher from this nitrogen-fixing soil treatment, evolving 69.9 ngN₂O–N g⁻¹soil h⁻¹ after a simulated rainfall event, compared with only 8.5 and 4.8 ngN₂O–N g⁻¹soil h⁻¹ from soil under traditional fallow and continuous cultivation, respectively. The findings indicate that selection of improved fallows for short-term fertility enhancement has implications for regional N₂O emissions for dry land regions.     

妊娠猪舍氨气及氧化亚氮浓度测定与排放通量的估算

在北京选择一典型猪场，对不同季节妊娠舍的氨气及氧化亚氮浓度进行了为期1年的试验测定，并根据二氧化碳平衡原理，对猪场不同生长阶段的妊娠猪含氮气体的排放通量进行了估算。结果表明：冬季2004年11月氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为11.64±4.36，（1.17±0.2）mg／m³，夏季7月舍内氨气和氧化亚氮的平均浓度分别为3.31±2.67，（0.6±0.02）mg／m³；妊娠猪饲养期间的氨气排放通量为每头（185.2～500.8）mg／h，氧化亚氮为（3.85～35.93）mg／h。     

改善农学管理措施减少太湖稻麦轮作NH3和NO排放

以稻麦轮作为对象,采用密闭室-通气法和静态箱-化学发光法对太湖地区空白（不施氮肥）、当地常规（农民习惯管理方式）和保产增效（与当地常规相比,改善作物种植、水分和养分管理方式）3个处理下的氨（NH3）挥发和一氧化氮（NO）排放进行田间原位观测,研究保产增效措施对稻麦轮作NH3 挥发和NO排放的综合影响。结果表明,与当地常规相比,保产增效在施氮量减少25%的情况下,总作物产量没有降低,且农学利用率提高了39%;保产增效NH3挥发量在稻季和麦季分别减少了26%和44%;保产增效在稻季NO排放量较低（0.75±0.03 kg N/hm2）,与空白和当地常规均没有显著差异（p<0.05）,在麦季NO排放量则显著降低了49%。因此,保产增效措施不仅能保障高产和提高氮利用率,还能减少NH3和NO排放,值得在太湖地区推广。     

How important is N2O production in removing atmospherically deposited nitrogen from UK moorland catchments?

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching due to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is an environmental problem in many parts of the UK uplands, associated with surface water acidification and affecting lake nutrient balances. It is often assumed that gaseous return of deposited N to the atmosphere as N₂O through denitrification may provide an important sink for N. This assumption was tested for four moorland catchments (Allt a’Mharcaidh in the Cairngorms, Afon Gwy in mid-Wales, Scoat Tarn in the English Lake District and River Etherow in the southern Pennines), covering gradients of atmospheric N deposition and surface water NO₃⁻ leaching, through a combination of field and laboratory experiments. Field measurements of N₂O fluxes from static chambers with and without additions of NH₄NO₃ solution were carried out every 4 weeks over 1 yr. Wetted soil cores from the same field plots were used in experimental laboratory incubations at 5 and 15 °C with and without additions of NH₄NO₃ solution, followed by measurement of N₂O fluxes. Field measurements showed that significant N₂O fluxes occurred in only a very small number of plots with most showing zero values for much of the year. The maximum fluxes were 0.24 kg-N/ha/yr from unamended plots at the River Etherow and 0.49 kg-N/ha/yr from plots with NH₄NO₃ additions at the Allt a’Mharcaidh. Laboratory incubation experiments demonstrated that large N₂O fluxes could be induced by warming and NH₄NO₃ additions, with the top 5 cm of soil cores responsible for the largest fluxes, reaching 11.8 kg-N/ha/yr from a podsol at Scoat Tarn. Acetylene block experiments showed that while N₂ was not likely to be a significant denitrification product in these soils, reduced N₂O fluxes indicated that nitrification was an important source of N₂O in many cases. A simple model of denitrification suggesting that 10-80% of net N inputs may be denitrified from non-agricultural soils was found to greatly over-estimate fluxes in the UK uplands. The proportion of deposition denitrified was found to be much closer to the IPCC suggested value of 1% with an upper limit of 10%. Interception of N deposition by vegetation may greatly reduce the net supply of N from this source, while soil acidification or other factors limiting carbon supply to soil microbes may prevent large denitrification fluxes even where NO₃⁻ supply is not limiting.     

Tillage-induced environmental conditions in soil and substrate limitation determine biogenic gas production

Tillage changes soil environmental conditions and controls the distribution of residues in the soil, both actions that affect the production and emission of soil biogenic gases (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄). The objective of this study was to determine how tillage-induced environmental conditions and substrate quality affect the mineralization rate of easily metabolizable compounds and the subsequent production of these gases. Carbon compounds, with and without nitrogen, were applied to soil cropped to maize under tilled and no-till systems. Following substrate application in the spring and summer, biogenic gases were measured periodically at the soil surface (flux) and within the profile (concentration) at 10-, 20-, and 30-cm depths (i.e., within, at the bottom of, and below the plough layer). Strong CO₂ and N₂O responses to sucrose and glycine in both the field and the laboratory indicate that the soil was C- and N-limited. Surface fluxes of CO₂ and N₂O were greater in soils amended with glycine than with sucrose and were greater in tilled than no-till soils. Transient emission of CH₄ following the addition of glycine was observed and could be attributed to inhibition of N mineralization and nitrification processes on CH₄ oxidation. Laboratory and field measurements indicated that the larger substrate-induced CO₂ emission from the tilled soils could not be attributed to differences in the total biomass or the basal respiratory activity of the soils. Thus, there appears to be no underlying difference in the functional capacity of the microbial communities under different tillage regimes. Comparison of gas profiles indicates relative accumulation of CO₂ at depth in soils under no-till, as well as greater decline in profile CO₂ content with time in the tilled compared to the no-till soil. These results support the conclusion that greater CO₂ efflux from the tilled soils resulted from more rapid gas diffusion through the profile. Hence, the observed differences in gas fluxes between tilled and no-till soils can be attributed to differences in physical environment.