Seasonal dynamics of mineral N pools and N-mineralization in soils under homegarden trees in South Andaman,India

Agroforestry trees are now well known to play a central role in the build up of nutrients pools and their transformations similar to that of forest ecosystem, however, information on the potential of homegarden trees accumulating and releasing nitrogen (mineralization) is lacking. The present study reports seasonal variations in pool sizes of mineral N (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N), and net N-mineralization rate in relation to rainfall and temperature under coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nees) trees in a coconut-spice trees plantation for two annual cycles in the equatorial humid climate of South Andaman Island of India. Concentration of NH₄⁺-N was the highest during wet season (May–October) and the lowest during post-wet season (November–January) under all the tree species. On the contrary, concentration of NO₃⁻-N was the lowest in the wet season and the highest during the post-wet season. However, concentrations of the mineral N were the highest under the nutmeg and the lowest under the coconut trees. Like the pool sizes, mean annual mineralization was the highest under the nutmeg (561 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and the lowest under the coconut trees (393 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Rate of mineralization was the highest during the post-wet season and the lowest during the dry season (February–April) under all the tree species. High rainfall during the wet season, however, reduced the rate of nitrification under all the tree species. The mean annual mineralization was logarithmically related with rainfall amount and mean monthly temperature.     

Carbon stock and rate of carbon sequestration in Dipterocarpus forests of Manipur,Northeast India

We examined the carbon stock and rate of carbon sequestration in a tropical deciduous forest dominated by Dipterocarpus tuberculatus in Manipur,North East India.Estimation of aboveground biomass was determined by harvest method and multiplied with density of tree species.The aboveground biomass was between18.27–21.922 t ha-1and the carbon stock ranged from9.13 to 10.96 t C ha-1across forest stands.Aboveground biomass and carbon stock increased with the increase in tree girth.The rate of carbon sequestration varied from1.4722 to 4.64136 t ha-1year-1among the dominant tree species in forest stands in tropical deciduous forest area.The rate of carbon sequestration depends on species composition,the density of large trees in different girth classes,and anthropogenic disturbances in the present forest ecosystem.Further work is required to identify tree species having the highest potential to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere,which could lead to recommendations for tree plantations in a degraded ecosystem.     

Impact of harvesting and logging slash on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in soils from upland spruce forests in northeastern Ontario

The potential impact of timber harvesting in the boreal forest on aquatic ecosystem water quality and productivity depends in part on the production of nutrients within the soil of the harvested catchment. Nitrogen supplied by organic matter decomposition is of particular interest because of the important role that N plays in biotic processes in surface waters, and in forest nutrition in general. Logging slash quality and input to the forest floor has the potential to influence N availability after harvest on clearcut sites. Net production of organic and inorganic-N and microbial biomass C and N concentrations were determined during a 90-day laboratory incubation at constant temperature and moisture. Incubated soils included F horizon and shallow mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm) from unharvested and full-tree harvested (2 and 12 growing seasons since harvest) boreal forest sites at the Esker Lakes Research Area (ELRA), in northeastern Ontario, Canada. In an ancillary experiment, black spruce foliage was added to unharvested forest floor material after 30 days during a 90-day laboratory incubation to simulate the influence of logging slash from full-tree harvesting on C and N dynamics. Twelve-year old clearcut F horizon material released on average 75 and 5 times more -N and 3 and 2 times as much inorganic-N than soil collected from unharvested and 2-year-old clearcuts, respectively. This increase in -N accumulation during the incubation was accompanied by decreases in both exchangeable -N and microbial biomass C and N levels. Net daily changes in microbial biomass N were significantly related to organic and inorganic-N accumulation or loss within the F horizon. Mineral soil release of inorganic-N was lower than release from the forest floor. Nitrate-nitrogen accumulation was lower, and -N accumulation was higher in mineral soil from unharvested sites when compared to 12-year-old clearcuts. Calculated harvest response ratios indicated that incubated mineral soil from the 12-year-old clearcut sites released significantly greater amounts of -N than 2-year-old clearcuts. Incorporation of black spruce needles into F horizon material reduced the production of organic and inorganic-N and increased microbial biomass N. Laboratory incubations of F horizon and shallow mineral soil from 12-year-old clearcuts suggested that these boreal soils have the capacity for increased inorganic-N production compared to uncut stands several years after harvesting. This has the potential to increase N availability to growing boreal forest plantations and increase N leaching due to greater -N levels in the forest soil.     

倒株栽培对网室木瓜生长特性的影响研究

木瓜网室栽培是目前防止木瓜轮点毒素病最有效的方法。广东雷州半岛气温较高,网室因日照通风不良,且温度高于网外,导致植株易徒长、茎细、结果部位高。为探讨网室木瓜倒株栽培利弊,评估找出倒株适期及最佳倒株方法,开展本项技术研究。结果表明,冬植网室木瓜倒株适期为定植后2个月平均株高39.50 cm效果最好,株高及结果部位降低约20 cm,茎增粗0.37 cm,但结果数减少34个/株,采收期延迟18.5 d,开张度、叶片数、单果质量、肉质、糖度及肉色则与对照相比无显著差异;倒株方法以用塑胶绳固定拉倒法效果最好。秋植网室木瓜倒株适期为定植后1个月平均株高36.03 cm效果最好;倒株方法利弊与冬植相同,亦以塑胶绳固定拉倒法为佳。     

基于改进YOLO v3的自然场景下冬枣果实识别方法

为实现自然场景下冬枣果实的快速、精准识别,考虑到光线变化、枝叶遮挡、果实密集重叠等复杂因素,基于YOLO v3深度卷积神经网络提出了一种基于改进YOLO v3（YOLO v3-SE）的冬枣果实识别方法。YOLO v3-SE模型利用SE Net 的SE Block结构将特征层的特征权重校准为特征权值,强化了有效特征,弱化了低效或无效特征,提高了特征图的表现能力,从而提高了模型识别精度。YOLO v3-SE模型经过训练和比较,选取0.55作为置信度最优阈值用于冬枣果实检测,检测结果准确率P为88.71%、召回率R为83.80%、综合评价指标F为86.19%、平均检测精度为82.01%,与YOLO v3模型相比,F提升了2.38个百分点,mAP提升了4.78个百分点,检测速度无明显差异。为检验改进模型在冬枣园自然场景下的适应性,在光线不足、密集遮挡和冬枣不同成熟期的情况下对冬枣果实图像进行检测,并与YOLO v3模型的检测效果进行对比,结果表明,本文模型召回率提升了2.43~5.08个百分点,F提升了1.75~2.77个百分点,mAP提升了2.38~4.81个百分点,从而验证了本文模型的有效性。     

联合收获机知识组织与知识库系统研究

针对联合收获机知识缺乏系统化组织与分类、难以在设计时高效获取并应用的问题,应用装备谱系及谱系拓扑图形式对联合收获机知识进行层次化组织;按照联合收获机智能化设计实际应用需求,对知识库系统功能模块进行架构分析;分析了农机装备设计知识的表现形式,综合利用产生式规则和框架表示的混合表示方法对设计过程进行分析和表达,建立了设计体系。以Visual Studio 2015平台为开发工具,在.Net环境下,应用ADO.Net技术、CATIA二次开发技术及SQL Server数据库,将联合收获机设计知识、参数化模型等数字化资源融和,进行组织管理,构建了联合收获机知识库系统。通过人机交互的方式,将知识表达形成的设计体系系统化,应用模糊查询方法、推理机和ADO.Net技术实现系统中知识的查询、推理及编辑功能,并将知识推送的结果传递给关联的参数化模型驱动,在不同需求下快速构建模型,实现了知识的高效获取与应用,提高了设计效率,为联合收获机零部件设计提供了一种通用方法。系统测试表明,该系统具有可行性和有效性,适用于联合收获机系列产品的开发。     

牵引式红枣残枝粉碎机的设计与试验

红枣残枝粉碎还田是目前亟待解决的问题。为此,设计了一种牵引式红枣残枝粉碎机,通过对辊破碎和动定刀粉碎共同作用实现粉碎效果。对破碎辊轴、粉碎主轴的转速和功率等参数进行了详细阐述,规范了动刀在主轴上的排布方式,选用双螺旋式刀具排布,确保同一时刻有且仅有两个动刀同时工作,有效降低了振动和机组动力损耗,提高了工作效率。运用ANSYS软件对主轴进行了静力学分析及模态分析,得出了应力应变图及粉碎主轴前6阶固有频率和振型图。应力应变图表明:最大应力为8.3326 MPa,最大变形量为0.017419 mm,参考材料特性,主轴强度满足设计要求,故主轴设计合理、安全。模态分析结果表明:最低固有频率为98.286Hz,所对应的临界转速5897 r/min远大于初定主轴转速2000 r/min,因此在工作中主轴转动时不会产生共振现象。样机试验结果表明:粉碎机工作生产率为817.67kg/h,吨功耗为49.06kW/h,噪声为95.3dB,粉碎粒度合格率为86.97%,可以实现连续稳定运作,粉碎粒度符合还田技术要求。     

山东省群众渔业变水层绳拖网研究↑（*）

近几年，山东省群众渔业绳拖网发展很快，进入９０年代以来，先后在蓬莱、荣成和环翠等地的１３６－１４７Ｋｗ渔船上试验了目大０８ｍ、１ｍ、２２ｍ、３５ｍ、４ｍ、５ｍ、６ｍ、７ｍ、８ｍ、１０８ｍ的绳拖网，取得显著效果。本文对山东省各种绳拖网的试验情况，网型特点，网线配置和其他方面的性能进行了综合分析，并提出改进意见。     

乌鲁木齐市城乡建设用地增减挂钩潜力分析

以土地利用现状数据及土地利用总体规划数据为支撑,研究乌鲁木齐市城乡建设用地增减挂钩潜力规模测算方法。基于研究区农村居民点腾退规模的测算,从城乡建设用地需求出发,运用需求与腾退平衡体系方法,对乌鲁木齐市城乡建设用地增减挂钩的潜力进行实证分析。实证分析结果表明:腾退规模满足建设用地需求,建设用地增加挂钩潜力系数为1.02,增加潜力面积为40.40hm2。研究立足于缓解城乡建设用地需求压力,反映地区实际农村居民点整理潜力,为区域城乡建设用地动态平衡提供科学依据,为农村建设用地整理与流转奠定理论基础,同时为进一步盘活农村存量建设用地资源探索新途径。     

不同栽培条件下枣树幼果期光合作用日变化规律的研究

笔者以10年生壶瓶枣为试材,研究了枣树在灌溉、未灌溉、遮阴、雾化栽培和喷施亚硒酸钠5个处理下光合作用的日变化规律。结果表明:干旱条件降低了树体的光合作用,通过遮阴、雾化栽培和喷施亚硒酸钠可以提高树体的气孔导度,调节叶片的蒸腾,提高树体的光合速率,保证光合作用的进行。亚硒酸钠处理显著提高了叶片上午的净光合速率,气孔导度和蒸腾速率都比其他处理高。