pH 值与金属离子浓度对多种果蔬植物色素的影响

从植物中提取的天然色素对pH值与金属离子浓度的敏感度不同,所受影响也不同。主要选取黄皮果皮色素、赤豆皮色素、柑桔皮色素、勾儿茶果、红雪茶色素,来测定pH值对它们的影响。选取,黄皮果皮色素、赤豆皮色素、勾儿茶果色素、红雪茶色素来测定金属离子浓度对他们的影响,从而探讨这些色素对pH值与金属离子的稳定性。     

三种水稻栽培模式对主要害虫种群发生动态的影响

轻简化和机械化是现代农业发展的趋势。本文于2 0 1 3 —2 0 1 5 年连续进行了常规人工栽插、机械直播、机械栽插等3种栽培模式对水稻主要害虫种群发生动态的影响研究,旨在为农业轻简、机械化模式的进一步推广提供依据。结果表明,3种栽培模式对稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟种群发生的影响差异不明显。比较3 种栽培模式下的水稻螟虫(二化螟为主, 大螟较少) 发生和为害可知,机械直播田的螟虫前期株为害率较高,且后期仍维持较高的为害率,明显高于人工栽插和机械插秧田(p<0.05)。分析原因,很可能是机械直播水稻暴露在大田的时间要稍长于栽插模式(机械插秧和人工栽插),有利于二化螟的提前入田为害。因此在推广机械直播时,应考虑调整播期,尽可能地避开或减少螟虫为害。     

贵州省城乡人口变化与建设用地扩张的脱钩关系

[目的]研究贵州省人口与建设用地变化的关系,以促进土地资源优化配置。[方法]利用贵州省2000—2017年城乡人口及建设用地数据,采用脱钩模型和GIS空间分析方法,研究城乡人地关系演化过程。[结果]贵州省城镇人口持续增加,乡村人口逐年减少;城乡建设用地面积不断扩大,城镇和乡村建设用地同向增长。2000—2008年,贵州省城乡人口变化与建设用地扩张关系为强负脱勾类型,乡村人口与乡村建设用地变化为强负脱钩类型,城镇人口与城镇建设用地变化为扩张负脱钩类型。农村人口减少伴随着建设用地增加,农村人地关系处于较不合理状态;城镇人口和建设用地二者均增长,但建设用地增幅快于人口增幅。[结论]贵州省应积极推动农村宅基地流转,提高城乡建设用地集约利用水平,促进城乡融合。     

哈尔滨地区大豆蚜及其天敌昆虫的多年种群动态和相关性分析

为明确大豆蚜种群数量与其天敌昆虫龟纹瓢虫[Propylea japonica(Thunberg)]、异色瓢虫[Harmonia axyridia(Pallas)]及花蝽(Orius sp.)的田间发生情况及二者的相关性,采用对角线五点取样、借助直接观察法,对哈尔滨地区大豆蚜及上述天敌昆虫的种群动态(2008-2014年)进行了系统调查。记录各年份大豆蚜种群数量峰值及峰值日后第6天各天敌昆虫的种群数量,并对大豆蚜与天敌昆虫的发生关系进行了相关分析。结果表明:6月为大豆蚜的田间始发期,7-8月为其田间猖獗期,9月为其消亡期。在大豆蚜的始发期和猖獗期,田间均有龟纹瓢虫(成虫和幼虫)、异色瓢虫(成虫和幼虫)及花蝽(成虫和若虫)的发生。龟纹瓢虫幼虫和异色瓢虫成虫的田间种群数量与大豆蚜的种群数量间均呈现显著相关性。     

被动式电子标签在监测高原鼢鼠种群生态变化中的应用

地下啮齿动物种群生态学研究经常需要对动物个体进行标记,而传统的剪耳、剪趾标记法会造成动物伤害、影响动物行为等,与动物福利相悖。利用PIT标签于2014年秋季在祁连山东段标记高原鼢鼠30只,研究高原鼢鼠种群密度及越冬后体重、体长和尾长变化。结果表明,样地内高原鼢鼠估算种群密度为44只/hm2;越冬后高原鼢鼠平均体重为222.07g,显著高于越冬前平均体重193.74g,平均体长为19.4cm,显著高于越冬前平均体长18cm;雌性与雄性的体重增长率无显著性差异(P0.05)。被动式电子标签同时可适用于地下啮齿动物的种群生态学研究,是地下啮齿动物种群生态学研究中的一项新型技术手段。     

乡村振兴的难点及对策分析

乡村振兴是我国新时代意义长远的全局性事业，面临诸多难点，需综合施策，促进乡村持续兴旺发展。建议通过改善乡村人居条件，打破非农居民下乡定居政策壁垒，破解活力人口流失难点；不拘一格组建村班子，解决村支“两委”战斗力不强难点；发挥村骨干作用，公开透明处理乡村事务，融洽干群关系，解决干群疏离难点；以保障农民权益为出发点协调农民流转意愿，解决土地统一流转难点；政策引导，推动资源按市场规律下乡，解决资源下乡难点。     

入侵性食叶害虫椰子织蛾的单倍型多样性分析

【目的】分析危害棕榈科Palmae植物的一种重要入侵食叶害虫椰子织蛾Opisina arenosella单倍型在原产地和入侵地的分布特点,揭示椰子织蛾入侵我国的虫源信息。【方法】利用线粒体COI基因分析16个地理种群共计172个样本,比较椰子织蛾印度种群和入侵地(中国、马来西亚和泰国)种群的遗传关系。【结果】片段长度为625 bp的172条序列共鉴定出12个单倍型,包含15个变异位点,构成2个明显的单倍型分支,其中一个分支由11个单倍型(IN1～IN11)组成,均来自印度种群,单倍型IN1是6个印度种群的共享单倍型,IN2～IN11为独享单倍型;另一个分支为单倍型HAP,由来自中国、马来西亚和泰国的种群共享;HAP与11个来自印度的单倍型IN1～IN11均存在4个变异位点。【结论】入侵地区的椰子织蛾种群来自同一基因型或者具有相同的入侵源;椰子织蛾种群入侵后受环境选择压力,在新栖息地产生新的突变或杂交。     

Genetic diversity of the pine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola in Slovenia and Croatia

Brown spot needle blight (BSNB), a disease of pine trees caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, has been known in Slovenia since 2008 and in Croatia since 1975. Recent outbreaks in Slovenia prompted this study to compare L. acicola populations in these two neighbouring European countries. Sixty-nine isolates collected from three pine species (Pinus mugo, P. halepensis and P. nigra) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and reproductive strategy of the pathogen. EF1-α sequences showed that Slovenian and Croatian isolates share a common ancestry with individuals from central and northern Europe. Population structure analysis revealed four distinct population clusters of L. acicola in these two countries, generally corresponding to their respective geographic location and host. An unequal ratio of mating types and a low overall genetic diversity in the population indicated a strong influence of asexual reproduction. Although some of the oldest recorded European occurrences of BSNB are from Croatia, this study provided no evidence that the population studied in Croatia was the source of the sampled outbreaks in Slovenia. Recent outbreaks of L. acicola in Slovenia are most likely due to introductions from other, yet to be identified, sources.     

Responses of subshrub sagebrush rangeland in North-Western China to changes in livestock numbers and rainfall over 10 years (2004–2013)

Seriphidium transiliense, or subshrub sagebrush, is one of the most important forage resources for livestock in many arid lands, but such resources have been threatened by overgrazing for a long time. A 2013 vegetation survey of an original sagebrush rangeland (2400?ha) in the Tianshan Mountains revealed that nearly half of the area once under sagebrush has been replaced by annual species. This is due to the continual and rapid increase in livestock numbers over the past 30?years. Three smaller sites with different grazing scenarios: no grazing (Site N), a decline (Site 1), and an increase (Site 2) in livestock numbers, were selected to monitor recent changes (from 2004 to 2013) in vegetation biomass and the degree of dominance by sagebrush. Supplanting happened at Site 2 but little occurred at Site 1. There were significant differences between Site 2 and Site 1 in standing biomass in Spring and Summer, but no significant differences in Summer between Site 1 and Site N. The supplanting of sagebrush marks the completion of a dynamic process – in which rainfall plays a crucial role – of damage to sagebrush from heavy grazing in drought years and its rehabilitation by light grazing in some good years. Plant biomass loss was greatest when the land was first subjected to heavy grazing. Sagebrush tends to exist as a sole-dominant species rather than a companion species in sagebrush communities. This suggests that sagebrush continued to survive in pockets where grazing pressure had declined.     

基于nSSR和cpDNA序列的城步峒茶群体遗传多样性和结构研究

采用简单重复序列标记(nSSR)与叶绿体DNA序列(cpDNA)分析技术,对城步峒茶群体进行了遗传多样性、遗传结构和遗传分化等研究。结果表明,15对nSSR引物在参试81份资源中共获得142个等位位点,平均每对引物9.47个,城步峒茶群体的观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)和Nei期望杂合度(Nei)分别为0.49、0.62和0.62,具有较高的遗传多样性。Structure分析将79份峒茶资源分成3个类群,但各类群的遗传背景较为复杂,没有明显的群体结构。F检验表明,城步峒茶群体的近交系数F_IS为正值(F_IS=0.177 5),群体间的遗传分化系数F_ST较小(F_ST=0.034 5),分化程度较低,基因流Nm较高(Nm=7.01)。3对cpDNA引物分别获得了473 bp(rbcL)、704 bp(matK)和320 bp(psbH-trnA)的片段序列,变异位点占总位点的比例分别为0.42%、0.71%和1.25%。将3个序列依次拼接,共产生了9个单倍型,单倍型数由多到少的居群依次为TXZ(6)、DZC(4)、DPS(4)、TYS(3)、HJZ(2),群体的单倍型多样性(Hd)和核苷酸多样性(π)分别为0.732和0.001 39。9个单倍型中,单倍型H1和H5处于进化网络图的中心节点上,并且包含资源数量最多,属于比较原始的单倍型。同时,nSSR和cpDNA的AMOVA分析结果基本一致,居群内的变异百分比分别达到96.69%和80.54%,城步峒茶的遗传变异主要存在于居群内。