中国东北样带植被净初级生产力时空动态及其对气候变化的响应

根据净初级生产力(NPP)遥感估算模型,重建了中国东北样带(NECT)1982–2000 年间每月的 NPP 时空序列,分析了研究时段内 NPP 的时空格局特征及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:(1)NECT 样带植被 NPP 的空间变化趋势同降水量的空间变化十分相似,由东到西逐渐降低,二者在空间上的相关性达到了 0.84(P<0.01),说明 NECT 样带的植被 NPP在空间分布上主要受水分趋动;(2)NECT 样带植被 NPP 的年际变化主要是由各年份夏季 NPP 的变化造成的,夏季对NECT 样带植被 NPP 的年际增长贡献率最大(67.6%),二者之间的相关性达到了 0.95(P<0.01);(3)NECT 样带的植被NPP 积累期主要发生在 5–9 月份,这 5 个月的 NPP 占了全年NPP 总量的 89.8%,整个夏季(6–8 月份)的 NPP 占了全年的 65.9%,冬季(12–2 月份)的 NPP 最低,基本为 0;(4)近 19 年来的气候变化促进了 NECT 样带的植被生长,从 1980年代到 1990 年代,NPP 显著增加,年代际相对增长率为 14.3%,平均年际绝对增长趋势为 4.6 gC m-2 a-1,相对增长趋势为 1.17%,这主要是由温度升高引起的。图 6 表 1 参 36。     

Three objectives of historical ecology: the case of litter collecting in Central European forests

Short- and long-term patterns of net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) for small, relatively uniform forest stands have been examined in detail, but the same is not true for landscapes, especially those with heterogeneous disturbance histories. In this paper, we explore the effect of two contrasting types of disturbances (i.e., fire and tree harvest) on landscape level NECB by using an ecosystem process model that explicitly accounts for changes in carbon (C) stores as a function of disturbance regimes. The latter were defined by the average disturbance interval, the regularity of the disturbance interval (i.e., random, based on a Poisson frequency distribution, or regular), the amount of C removed by the disturbance (i.e., severity), and the relative abundance of stands in the landscape with unique disturbance histories. We used the model to create over 300 hypothetical landscapes, each with a different disturbance regime, by simulating up to 200 unique stand histories and averaging their total C stores. Mean NECB and its year-to-year variability was computed by calculating the difference in mean total C stores from one year to the next. Results indicated that landscape C stores were higher for random than for regular disturbance intervals, and increased as the mean disturbance interval increased and as the disturbance severity decreased. For example, C storage was reduced by 58% when the fire interval was shortened from 250 years to 100 years. Average landscape NECB was not significantly different than zero for any of the simulated landscapes. Year-to-year variability in landscape NECB, however, was related to the landscape disturbance regime; increasing with disturbance severity and frequency, and higher for random versus regular disturbance intervals. We conclude that landscape C stores of forest systems can be predicted using the concept of disturbance regimes, a result that may be a useful for adjusting estimates of C storage to broad scales that are solely based on physiological processes.     

Responses of a beech (Fagus crenata Blume) stand to late spring frost damage in Morioka,Japan

Following two weeks of a warm period, beech trees at the study site began leafing. However, a spring frost occurred in the cold morning of April 21, 2001 (Day111, Julian day) and killed about 80% of the fresh leaves on a 40-year-old Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata Blume) stand in Morioka, Japan. Leaves emerged on sprouts from latent buds (latent leaves) 36 days after the frost. Field measurements between 1999 and 2003 revealed the following: (1) Leaf area index was about 4 in normal years and about 1.2 in 2001. (2) The elongation of latent leaves took 55 days about 40 days longer, and they matured about 30 days faster than normal leaves in regular years. (3) Photosynthetic capacities were similar between the latent leaves in 2001 and the normal leaves in 2002 at the top of the canopy. A longer leafing period, faster maturation and sustained photosynthetic capacity of the latent leaves would be helpful to reduce the impacts of frost damage on growth. (4) The frost damage greatly reduced NPP from about 2100 DW g m⁻² y⁻¹ in the previous two years to about 1000 DW g m⁻² y⁻¹ in 2001. However, NPP recovered almost completely (about 1800 DW g m⁻² y⁻¹) in 2002. (5) Seasonal NPP increased similarly in 2001 with other years before Day150 for 40 days after the frost, and decreased afterwards. Shoot elongation also stopped at approximately Day150 in normal years. These findings suggested that radial and height growth in the early growing season was supported by the storage of previous year photosynthesis. (6) A regression growth model was created using meteorological data from 1999 and 2000, and the model was applied to data from 2001 to estimate the potential growth under normal conditions. The ratio of measured and estimated NPP changed seasonally, greater than 0.4 between Day150 and Day210, but below 0.25 between Day210 and Day250. This suggests that beech allocated more photosynthetic products for the next year's growth rather than the current growth in the latter growing season, thereby achieving the same initial growth with other years and amazing recovery in 2002.     

Modelling long-term impacts of environmental change on mid- and high-latitude European forests and options for adaptive forest management

The process based model SMART–SUMO–WATBAL was applied to 166 intensive monitoring forest plots of mid- and high-latitude Europe to evaluate the effects of expected future changes in carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition on forest growth (net annual increment). These results were used in the large-scale forest scenario model EFISCEN (European Forest Information SCENario model) to upscale impacts of environmental change and to combine these results with adapted forest management. Because of the few plots available, Mediterranean countries were excluded from analyses. Results are presented for 109 million ha in 23 European countries.     

马尾松林地土壤有机碳遥感估测

采用卡萨生物圈(CASA)模型的遥感间接估算法对长汀县河田镇马尾松林地土壤有机碳进行模型构建。结果表明:结合多种植被指数构建的综合植被指数(ICV),缓解了归一化植被指数(INDV)在植被净第一性生产力(NPP)反演的饱和现象及高估现象,拟合精度比归一化植被指数提高了17.4%,说明综合植被指数在研究区土壤有机碳(SOC)的估算上有更高的契合度;运用综合植被指数构建的随机森林回归模型,对土壤有机碳预测综合精度(R^2=0.597 2,RMSE=1.76,RM=94.85%)比其他回归模型高,适用于研究区SOC的估算。     

基于净初级生产力变化的草地退化监测研究

青海省玛多县是黄河源乃至整个三江源地区草地退化的典型区域。本研究利用2008年玛多县TM影像数据结合相关辅助数据,以光能利用率模型为基础,反演研究区草地净初级生产力（net primary productivity,NPP）。并以NPP减少的百分数D（由实际NPP和潜在NPP计算）作为指标,提取2008年玛多县草地退化信息。通过与玛多县1997年草地资源调查结果对比,至2008年玛多县重度退化草地面积减少了5 944 km2,且主要发生在北部。对监测结果进行分析发现,草地退化与草地类型有关系,表现为高寒草原类草地退化最为严重,高寒草甸其次,沼泽类草地情况较好。     

基于MOD17A3数据集的三江平原低产农田影响因素分析(简报)

为了提高三江平原的农田生产力,该文基于EOS/MODIS卫星2000～2005年的MOD17A3数据集,采用空间分析方法,结合数字高程模型（DEM）、道路、河流、居民点等空间数据,对三江平原低产农田的空间分布和影响因素进行了分析。结果表明,阴坡农田低产率（32.16%）高于阳坡（25.49%）,说明阳坡更有利于农田植被生长。随着海拔的升高,旱田低产率呈现低—高—低的变化趋势,在100～200 m高程带,旱田低产率最高,为39.62%。旱田和水田低产率与距居民点的距离（≤5 km）、距道路的距离（≤3 km）、距河流的距离（≤12 km）呈反比,对应的相关系数分别为-0.979（p＜0.01）、-0.999（p＜0.05）、-0.935（p＜0.05）和-0.980（p＜0.01）、-0.998（p＜0.05）、-0.923（p＜0.05）。研究结果为确保区域农业生产、土地资源合理利用和区域可持续发展提供科学依据。     

气候变化对北京山区华北落叶松林NPP影响研究

应用BIOME-BGC模型模拟估算了1974—2010年间北京百花山华北落叶松林的净初级生产力(NPP),并分析了不同CO2浓度和气候变化情景对NPP的影响。结果表明:模型模拟出的NPP总体上高于样地实际的测定值,平均值相差范围为-13.61%～23.55%,表现出数值的波浪形年际变化,年际变动率达4.65%;相对于温度变化,降水量是控制华北落叶松林NPP年际变化的主要气候因子;华北落叶松林NPP对单独的CO2浓度加倍、降水增加表现出正向响应,而单独的温度增加不利于华北落叶松林NPP的积累;CO2浓度加倍、降水增加和温度增加三因子共同作用有促进华北落叶松NPP增加的作用,各因子之间表现出较强的交互作用。     

Classification and Net Primary Productivity of the Southern China＇s Grasslands Ecosystem Based on Improved Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System （CSCS）Approach

This research classified vegetation types and evaluated net primary productivity （NPP） of southern China＇s grasslands based on the improved comprehensive and sequential classification system （CSCS）, and proposed 5 thermal grades and 6 humidity grades. Four classes of grasslands vegetation were recognized by improved CSCS, namely, tundra grassland class, typical grassland class, mixed grassland class and alpine grassland class. At the type level, 14 types of vegetations （9 grasslands and 5 forests） were classified. The NPP had a trend to decrease from east to west and south to north, and the annual mean NPP was estimated to be 656.3 g C m-2 yr-1. The NPP value of alpine grassland class was relatively high, generally more than 1200 g C m2 yr-1. The NPP value of mixed grassland class was in a range from 1 000 to 1200 g C m-2 yr-1. Tundra grassland class was located in southeastern Tibet with high elevation, and its NPP value was the lowest （〈600 g C m＇2yrl）. The typical grassland class distributed in most of the area, and its NPP value was generally from 600 to 1000 g C m-2 yr-1. The total NPP value in the study area was 68.46 Tg C. The NPP value of typical grassland class was the highest （48.44 Tg C）, and mixed grassland class was the second （16.54 Tg C）, followed by alpine grassland class （3.22 Tg C）, with tundra grassland class being the lowest （0.25 Tg C）. For all the grasslands types, the total NPP of forest meadow was the highest （34.81 Tg C）, followed by sparse forest brush （16.54 Tg C）, and montane meadow was the lowest （0.01 Tg C）.