Effects of dietary protein level on muscle cellularity and flesh quality in Atlantic salmon with particular reference to gaping

Growth performance, muscle cellularity and flesh quality were investigated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed either of two diet ranges [high protein (HP), or low protein (LP)], which differed in digestible protein/digestible energy ratios but were of equivalent digestible energy content (21.4 MJ kg⁻¹ wet weight). Smolts from an early maturing (Lochy) and a late maturing (Mowi) strain were PIT-tagged and reared together in duplicate 5×5×5-m sea cages for each diet. The Lochy and Mowi fish were harvested in May and August, respectively, after 417 and 515 days in seawater. The average body weight of fish in each cage at harvest was in the range 3.8–5.4 kg, with no significant difference between diets. The total cross-sectional area of white muscle and the number and diameter of muscle fibres was determined at the level of the first dorsal fin ray. The distribution of muscle fibre diameters was investigated using nonparametric smoothing and bootstrapping techniques. Diet had no effect on fibre size distribution or fibre number in the Mowi strain, and small but significant effects for the Lochy strain. At harvest, in Lochy salmon of average fork length 69 cm there were around 15% more fibres in fish fed the HP than LP ratio diets. However, the 50th percentile of fibre diameter was 20% greater in fish fed the LP than HP diets, such that the total muscle cross-sectional area was similar. The lipid content (14.1–15.3% wet mass), astaxanthin pigment concentration (7.0–8.5 mg kg⁻¹ wet mass) and colour (RocheSalmoFan™ and Minolta Chromatometer readings) of the flesh were similar for both strains and diets. There was no significant difference in the average muscle fibre density between strains and diet, which varied between 60 and 140 fibres mm⁻² muscle cross-sectional area. Gaping during processing of the fillet was in part related to muscle cellularity. Little or no gaping was observed in any fish with a fibre density in excess of 95 fibres mm⁻² muscle. It was concluded that individual variation in fibre density is important in the development of gaping, but that muscle cellularity and flesh quality are relatively insensitive to the protein to energy ratio in the diet over the range studied.     

Seasonal variations in muscle growth dynamics and selected quality attributes in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed dietary lipids containing soybean and/or herring oil under different rearing regimes

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), 1630 ± 510 g at the start of the experiment were reared in tanks for 1 year and subjected to three different environmental regimes; Continuous light and Constant temperature (CC), Natural light and Constant temperature (NC) or Natural light and Ambient temperature (NA). Two diets were fed, where 50% of the dietary lipids were either herring oil or soybean oil supplemented. The fish were sampled in May, August and November the first year, and February and May the following year. The CC groups grew better than the NC and NA groups from May to November, and as a result had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher weight by the end of the experiment. This difference did however not affect muscle fibre size distribution, or the chosen muscle quality attributes texture, fat content, water or fat loss of the fillet. These quality attributes were influenced by season and body weight, whereas diet had no significant effect. The NA group had lower fat content of the fillet than the other environmental regimes in August, November and May_end, and fat content increased with increasing fish weight. Water and fat losses were lowest in November and February. The diet influenced the fatty acid profile of the musculature; the triacylglycerol fraction reflecting the dietary treatment while the polar fraction was less influenced by diet. The hardness of the fillet was not influenced by the environmental regimes, but by season, and hardness was at its lowest in August, and increased towards the following spring. The muscle fibre distribution varied only with season, and neither treatment nor diet had any effect on the muscle growth dynamics. Recruitment of new fibres seemed mainly to occur during winter, signified by maximum occurrence of fibres < 500 μm² by the end of the experiment in May.     

Changes in plasma glucagon and insulin associated with fasting in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

Juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were fasted for 22 days and changes in plasma insulin, glucagon and glucose levels, as well as glycogen and protein content in liver and muscle were analyzed. Glucagon increased initially on the 4th day of fasting. The glucagon/insulin ratio (G/I) increased from a value of 0.11±0.02 (24h of fasting) to 0.21±0.05 (4th day of fasting). Thereafter, both glucagon and insulin levels decreased and remained at low concentrations until the 22nd day of fasting. Plasma glucose levels fell at the beginning of fasting, stabilized between the 4th and 8th day, and gradually declined during the rest of the experiment. There was a body weight loss of 15% and a significant decrease in both the hepatosomatic index and mesenteric fat. The decrease in the percentage of muscle proteins was not significant, while liver glycogen content showed a sharp decline.     

罗氏沼虾肌肉白浊病发病池和未发病池水质状况比较

对罗氏沼虾肌肉白浊病发病与未发病育苗池以及发病与未发病大棚培育土池 ,进行了 pH值、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、化学耗氧量和可溶性磷酸盐检测 ,结果显示 ,发病池与未发病池之间这些水质因子均无显著差异 (P(0 .0 5 )。对罗氏沼虾苗有较大毒性的非离子态氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量都在安全浓度范围内 :淡化前 ,发病育苗池中两者的平均值分别为 0 .173mg/L、0 .0 83mg/L ,未发病育苗池中分别为 0 .2 0 1mg/L、0 .10 3mg/L ;淡化后 ,发病育苗池中两者的平均值分别为 0 .0 33mg/L、0 .0 4 0mg/L ,未发病育苗池中分别为 0 .0 2 7mg/L、0 .0 39mg/L ;在发病大棚培育土池中 ,两者的平均值分别为 0 .114mg/L、0 .0 6 1mg/L ,在未发病大棚培育土池中分别为 0 .112mg/L、0 .0 76mg/L。检测结果表明 :罗氏沼虾肌肉白浊病与所测的这些水质因子无关。     

Haematological and biochemical responses of freshwater teleost fish Cyprinus carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal exposure to lindane

The impact of acute and sublethal toxicity of a synthetic organochlorine pesticide lindane on some haematological and biochemical parameters of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was estimated. The median lethal concentration of lindane for 24 h was 0.38 ppm. During acute treatment (24 h), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and erythrocyte (RBC) values were decreased, whereas leucocyte (WBC) count increased in the pesticide treated fish. The hematological indices like mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were decreased when compared to control group. Biochemical profiles like plasma glucose and protein levels were increased in lindane exposed fish showing a percent increase of 50.36 and 3.98 at the end of 24 h treatment. However, glycogen content in liver and muscle were decreased showing a percent decrease of 21.70 and 1.74. In sublethal treatment (1/10th of LC50 24 h value, 0.038 ppm), RBC count was decreased whereas WBC count increased in the pesticide treated fish throughout the study period (25 days). Hb and Hct values were decreased up to 10th day and after that recovered showing a significant increase in the rest of the study period. Similarly, a biphasic response was observed in the value of MCV, MCH and MCHC. Plasma glucose level was significantly increased while plasma protein level decreased throughout the study period. Further, glycogen level in muscle and liver were showed a mixed trend. In the present study, the pesticide lindane caused alterations on haematological and biochemical parameters of C. carpio and these alterations can be used as non specific biomarkers in pesticide contaminated aquatic ecosystem.     

智能肌肉嫩度计的研制

利用计算机技术和传感器技术对机械式肌肉嫩度计进行了改进设计。用蜡笔及马铃薯对仪器的准确性进行了测试，并用猪肉和鸡肉对仪器的可靠性进行检验。测试结果表明，该仪器测量精度较高，可靠性好。     

红宝两系制种与杂交利用

本试验以红宝父母代鸡为材料，连续进行４个世代的自繁与杂交，结果表明，父母代母系母鸡３００日龄产蛋量没有发生明显变化（６０枚左右）；商品代鸡８周龄体重比引种时增加７．２％￣１１．３％；红宝与苏北土种鸡杂交改良，杂种７０日龄体重比苏北土种鸡增加１０３．７４％；此外，对红宝苏北土种鸡以及杂种ＡＫＰ、ＳＧＰＴ、ＣＰＫ与生产能力关系分析，发现红宝与土种鸡杂交的杂种鸡ＡＫＰ活性比土种鸡减少９１．２６个单位，与     

60～90日龄腾冲雪鸡肌纤维特性研究

使用组织学方法,对16只60和90日龄的腾冲雪鸡的胸肌纤维直径、纤维密度进行了测定,并与体型指标和活体重进行了表型相关分析.结果表明同日龄公母鸡的肌纤维直径无显著差异(P＞0.05),不同日龄的肌纤维直径差异极显著(P＜0.01),60日龄时公母鸡的纤维直径分别为31.40±7.36 μm和32.36±8.11 μm,90日龄时公母鸡的纤维直径分别为38.68±9.42 μm和37.67±9.14 μm;因而90日龄以前上市的肉用仔鸡公母性别间肉的细嫩度差异较小.不同日龄纤维直径差异极显著,且年龄越大,肌纤维直径变大,表明肌肉细嫩度越差.随着日龄的增长,肌纤维同步增长,但肌纤维生长变异不大(P＞0.05).肌纤维直径与鸡的日龄和胸宽有显著的表型相关关系(P＜0.01),与龙骨长和活重有显著相关关系(P＜0.05),因而这为肌纤维细度的表型选择提供了一定的方便.不同日龄和性别间单位面积内的肌纤维密度没有显著差异(P＞0.05),但表现出随年龄增加密度加大和公鸡的密度大于母鸡的密度的规律, 60和90日龄时公母鸡纤维密度分别为1 165.12±58.86根/mm2和1 111.11±192.45根/mm2,1 231.48±242.63根/mm2和1 194.45±134.72根/mm2;肌纤维密度与体型体重和肌纤维直径也没有显著的表型相关关系(P＞0.05),这种现象值得进一步深入的研究.     

Effects of probucol on the proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by basic fibroblast growth factor and hydrogen peroxide

AIM: To investigate the effect of probucol on proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC) stimulated by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and/or hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂). METHODS: Effects of probucol on VSMC proliferation and DNA synthesis stimulated by bFGF and/or H₂O₂ were observed by means of MTT test, cell number count and [3H]-TdR incorporation. RESULTS: ①Probucol significantly inhibited proliferation and DNA synthesis in VSMC stimulated by bFGF and/or H₂O₂, with dosage-dependent manner. Cell number, A value and [3H]-TdR incorporation in group probucol+bFGF and group probucol+H₂O₂ were reduced by 40.0%, 39.1%, 45.5% and 46.9%, 45.0%, 39.5%, respectively, compared with group bFGF and group H₂O₂ (P＜0.05, P＜0.01, respectively). ②Pretreatment of VSMC with probucol for 24 h prior to bFGF and/or H₂O₂ stimulation exhibited significant inhibiton of VSMC proliferation and DNA synthesis, but after prestimulation by bFGF and/or H₂O₂ for 24 h, probucol had no influence on VSMC proliferation and DNA synthesis (P＞0.05). CONCLUSION: Probucol dramatically inhibited proliferation and DNA synthesis in VSMC stimulated by bFGF and/or H₂O₂, but had no inhibitory effect on the cell proliferation prestimulated by bFGF and /or H₂O₂.     

Role of NHE-1 in the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell in rats

AIM: To evaluate the role of Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger-1(NHE-1)in the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in rats. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were equally randomized into the control group and 3-week hypoxic group. Intracellular pH (pHi) of the smooth muscle was determined with fluorescence measurement of the pH-sensitive dye BCECF-AM and the expression of NHE-1 mRNA was detected with RT-PCR. The primary culture of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell in vitro was performed. In situ cell death detection kit (TUNEL) was used to study the effect of specific NHE-1 inhibitor, dimethyl amiloride (DMA), on the apoptosis of muscle cells which had intracellular acidification. RESULTS: pHi value and expression of NHE-1 mRNA of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell were significantly higher respectively in the hypoxic group than those in the control group (P＜0.01). DMA elevated the apoptotic ratio significantly. The effect was enhanced when DMA concentration was augmented and the time was prolonged. CONCLUSION: With the function of adjusting pHi, NHE-1 may play an important role in the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.