猪血球粉与鱼粉组合对异育银鲫部分生理功能的影响

[目的]研究猪血球粉与鱼粉组合对鲫鱼非特异性免疫力和血液学指标的影响,探讨以饲料原料优化组合实现猪血球粉对鱼粉的替代效果和可行性。[方法]将初始体重为（18.40±1.07）g的270尾鲫鱼随机分为6组,每组设3个重复,每重复15尾鱼。以不添加猪血球粉的饲料为对照组,其他饲料组猪血球粉含量分别为2.5%、5.0%、7.5%、10.0%、11.5%;对应的鱼粉用量分别为13.8%、10.7%、7.8%、4.8%、1.8%、0。[结果]经过83 d的养殖试验,与对照相比,当饲料中猪血球粉添加量为7.5%时,异育银鲫血清总蛋白含量显著大于对照组（P〈0.05）;添加量大于7.5%时,异育银鲫肝脏GPT酶活力低于对照而血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶活力大于对照组,差异不显著（P〉0.05）;各试验组的T-SOD、LSZ、血红蛋白、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、尿素、葡萄糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。[结论]在该试验条件下,猪血球粉替代鱼粉对鲫鱼健康无明显不良影响,但猪血球粉添加量大于7.5%时可能会对鲫鱼肝脏造成负担,影响健康。     

高效液相色谱法测定鱼粉中组胺含量

建立了鱼粉中组胺的柱前衍生、液相色谱检测方法。样品经高氯酸溶液提取、丹磺酰氯衍生化反应后经高效液相色谱—紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。方法的检出限为50 mg/kg,浓度在2.0～80.0μg/mL范围内,线性良好（R2=0.999 3）,添加浓度在50、300、1 000 mg/kg时,回收率均大于70%,相对标准偏差（RSD）小于7%,结果表明该方法可适用于鱼粉中组胺的测定。     

固态发酵对棉籽粕脱毒效果的影响

[目的]优化棉籽粕微生物脱毒条件,降低棉籽粕中的游离棉酚含量。[方法]利用米曲霉3042固态发酵降解棉籽粕中的游离棉酚,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究接菌量、发酵温度、料水比和发酵时间对棉籽粕脱毒的影响,确定棉籽粕微生物脱毒的最优脱毒条件。[结果]极差分析表明,影响发酵棉籽粕游离棉酚含量的4个因素主次顺序依次为料水比〉发酵温度〉接菌量〉发酵时间。正交试验表明,棉籽粕微生物最优脱毒条件为：米曲霉3042接菌量5%,发酵底物添加0.5%尿素和1%蔗糖,料水比1∶0.83,5℃发酵48 h。在此条件下,游离棉酚含量降至117 mg/kg,降解率达到78.13%,发酵棉籽粕粗蛋白含量达到40.16%,较发酵前提高了12.87%。[结论]该研究为生产能够达到饲用标准的棉籽粕饲料提供了科学依据。     

湿性发酵豆粕对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血清抗氧化功能及粪便成分的影响

研究旨在探索湿性发酵豆粕对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、血清抗氧化功能及粪便成分的影响,为湿性发酵豆粕在蛋鸡配合饲料中的应用提供理论依据。选取375日龄蛋鸡1152羽,随机分为4个处理组,每组6个重复,每重复48羽。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为试验组,在基础饲粮中分别用4.5%、6.0%、7.5%的湿性发酵豆粕替代3%、4%、5%的普通豆粕,试验期为90天。结果表明：（1）与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组、Ⅳ组均显著提高平均蛋重(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组显著降低破蛋率(P＜0.05),平均产蛋率、料蛋比、死淘率差异均不显著(P＞0.05);（2）Ⅳ组的蛋壳厚度、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组的蛋黄比色值、显著或极显著高于Ⅰ组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,Ⅲ组的蛋形指数比值显著低于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);（3）同对照组相比,Ⅱ组显著提高血清过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和降低丙二醛（MDA）含量(P＜0.05),Ⅲ组显著提高总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P＜0.05);（4）Ⅲ组粪便的粗灰分、Ⅳ组粪便磷含量同Ⅰ组相比极显著或显著降低(P＜0.01或P＜0.05)。结论,蛋鸡配合饲料中使用适量的发酵豆粕替代普通豆粕能提高蛋重、改善蛋品质,降低粪便中氮、磷的排放量,其适宜替代量为6.0%~7.5%。     

小球藻藻渣替代豆粕对凡纳滨对虾生长性能和氮磷排放的影响

为探究小球藻藻渣替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中的豆粕对其生长性能及氮磷排放的影响,实验设计6种等氮等能饲料:使用6%、11%、16%、21%(A1、A2、A3、A4组)的藻渣分别替代饲料中5.5%、10.0%、14.5%、19.0%的豆粕,使用8%的藻渣替代饲料中5.1%的鱼粉(B组)和不使用藻渣的对照组。用上述6种饲料饲喂初始体质量为(5.02±0.73)g的凡纳滨对虾45 d。结果发现,存活率A3组显著低于对照组;增重率和特定生长率A2组和A4组与对照组差异不显著,其他各组显著低于对照组;饲料系数A3组显著高于对照组,其他各组无显著性差异;蛋白质效率A3组最低,B组其次,其他四组无显著性差异。肌肉鲜样中蛋白质含量组间无显著性差异;对照组总磷含量最低,A4组最高。肌肉总氨基酸和总必需氨基酸呈现先上升后下降的趋势,A2组含量最高;总非必需氨基酸A1、A2和A4组显著高于对照组,其他组与对照组无显著性差异。肠道中,除A1组外,其他各组蛋白酶活力显著低于对照组;脂肪酶A2组显著高于对照组;淀粉酶A4组显著低于对照组。肝胰脏中,蛋白酶活力A1组最低,其他组与对照组差异不显著;5个实验组脂肪酶活力均显著高于对照组,且A3组最高;淀粉酶除A3组外,其他各组显著低于对照组。耗氧率各组间差异不显著;排氨率呈先上升后下降的趋势,A3组最高。各替代组排放率均不高于对照组;氮排放率A3最高,其他组均不高于对照组。研究表明,小球藻藻渣可以部分替代凡纳滨对虾饲料中的豆粕,当其用量为11%时,可使豆粕的用量从19.0%降至10.0%而不影响凡纳滨对虾的生长和氮排放,并降低磷排放。     

聚能式逆流脉冲超声预处理对玉米蛋白酶解的影响

为了研究聚能式逆流脉冲超声预处理对玉米蛋白酶解性能的改善,在单因素试验基础上,以水解度和酶解产物血管紧张素转换酶（angiotensin-I converting enzyme,ACE）抑制率为评价指标,进行正交设计优化试验,得到最优的超声预处理条件：超声工作频率40 kHz、液料初始温度30℃、超声处理时间15 min、单 位体积超声功率200 W/L、超声脉冲工作时间6 s和脉冲间歇时间3 s。玉米蛋白经最优超声工作条件预处理,其水解度和酶解产物的ACE抑制率分别达到24.22% 和70.97%,与未经超声预处理的玉米蛋白常规酶解相比较,分别提高了9.39%和11.08%。结果表明：超声预处理玉米蛋白,不仅促进其酶解,而且对其酶解产物 ACE抑制活性同样有显著提高的作用。     

Effect of replacement of dietary fish meal with silkworm pupae meal on growth performance,body composition,intestinal protease activity and health status in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

This study investigated the effect of replacement of graded dietary fish meal (FM) protein (0, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%) with silkworm pupae meal (SP) in juvenile Jian carp. Triplicate groups comprising 18 fish (15.96 ± 0.66 g) were fed one of five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (designated SP0, SP50, SP60, SP70 or SP80) for 8 weeks. The final body weight and specific growth rate of fish in the SP60, SP70 and SP80 groups were significantly lower than those for fish in the SP0 group (P < 0.05). The muscle protein content in the SP50 group was significantly higher than in the SP80 group (P < 0.05). With increasing FM replacement levels, the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased among the groups, with the significant difference appeared in SP80 group. The gene expression level of heat shock protein 70 in the SP70 group was significantly higher than in the SP0 group (P < 0.05), while that in the SP80 group was significantly less than in the SP70 group (P < 0.05). Significantly decreased intestinal protease activity, increased serum ALT and AST activities, irregular‐shaped hepatocytes and intestinal microvilli were found in the SP80 group. The study demonstrates that it is practical to replace 50% of the Jian carp dietary FM protein with SP, higher SP levels are not recommended and that oxidation status of the SP should be carefully assessed.     

辣木籽仁的化学成分分析

为确定辣木籽仁的化学成分,采用无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯萃取辣木籽仁以及气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析其化学成分,并用总离子流色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量。结果表明：无水乙醇萃取率为3.566 7 %,乙酸乙酯萃取率为16.433 %;无水乙醇和乙酸乙酯萃取辣木籽仁共鉴定出41种化学组分,这2种方法萃取辣木籽仁提取物中最主要的化学成分是油酸、异油酸、反油酸、甘油单油酸酯和棕榈酸。     

Effect of DL‐methionine supplementation on the success of almost total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal in diets for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus)

This study evaluated the effects of increasing levels of methionine (Met) supplementation on the success of almost total replacement of fish meal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) in diets for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis mossambicus). Fish were fed for 70 days a FM‐based diet (Diet1‐positive control) or SBM‐based diets supplemented with graded levels of DL‐methionine (Diet2 to Diet7). Contrast in dietary Met, concentration was created by supplementing Diet2‐negative control with 1.2 (Diet3), 2.4 (Diet4), 3.6 (Diet5), 4.8 (Diet6) or 6.0 g kg^?1 (Diet7) of DL‐Met. Specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein gain and retention efficiency (PER) improved significantly with increasing levels of dietary DL‐Met supplementation. Moreover, nonlinear regression analysis of the effects of supplementing SBM‐based diet with graded levels of DL‐Met indicated that a dietary Met + Cys level of 15.7 and 12.5 g kg^?1 diet (as fed) was required to reach 95% of maximum weight and protein gain, respectively. Supplementation of SBM‐based diet with graded levels of DL‐Met proved an effective strategy in reducing FM content in practical diets for hybrid tilapia. Data also indicate that adjustment of dietary formulas according to currently recommended Met or Met + Cys dietary concentrations is probably limiting maximum growth potential of hybrid tilapia.     

Growth,feed utilization and endocrine responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets added poultry by‐product meal and blood meal in combination with poultry oil

The suitability of land animal by‐products (ABPs) in feed for Atlantic salmon postsmolts (initial weight 372 g) in sea water was studied in a feeding experiment, using poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and porcine blood meal (BM) as protein sources and poultry oil as fat source. Four extruded feeds were tested in a 2 * 2 factorial model, with or without ABP protein sources and with or without poultry oil. The control feed contained a mix of marine and plant ingredients. Initial feed intake was highest in the ABP protein‐based diets, whereas poultry oil had a weak opposite effect. No differences were seen in growth rate or body weight. Addition of PBM and BM led to increased FCR, and lower retention of crude protein and energy. This could be explained by lower digestibility of amino acids and crude protein, and a slightly lower energy level in these diets. Reduced igf1 mRNA levels in liver and muscle were seen in fish fed dietary ABP protein and oil. Despite lower protein digestibility of ABP protein, this study confirms the suitability of ABP protein and lipid in combination with plant ingredients in feed for Atlantic salmon growers.