Determination of nitrobenzene oxidation products by GC and1H-NMR spectroscopy using 5-iodovanillin as a new internal standard

The nitrobenzene oxidation method was modified to obtain more reproducible data and more structural information about lignin, not only by gas chromatography (GC) but also by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy for quantitative determination of the oxidation products and to simplify the procedures. The nitrobenzene oxidation mixture was directly extracted after acidification without preextraction of by-products. The direct extraction made the extractive step easy and gave reproducible data. 5-Iodovanillin was selected as a new internal standard. The reason for this selection was that 5-iodovanillin did not exist in the nitrobenzene oxidation products from any plant species and had an aldehyde group whose peak did not overlap with the other aldehyde peaks on an¹H-NMR spectrum. Thus, the use of 5-iodovanillin enabled us to quantifyp-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde in oxidation products on the basis of¹H-NMR analysis as well as GC. Furthermore, more information about the condensed structure of lignin was derived by comparing the¹H-NMR and GC analyses.Part of this work was presented at the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Lignin Symposium, Sapporo, October 1997     

MSM法优化材积方程的研究

一元材积表是根据胸径(D)与材积(V)的数学模型编制的林业用表。V=aD~b是编制一元材积表最常用的方程。由于上式是非线性的,过去常采用的方法是将该方程转化为线性拟合问题,但这里存在一个问题,非线性方程取对数转化为线性方程后,通过最小二乘法求得的参数对线性方程来说是最优的,而对原非线性方程而言,则误差较大,有进一步优化的必要。本文试图应用改进单纯形法,进一步优化V=aD~b方程的参数a、b,从而提高一元材积表的精度。     

刨花板用低毒改性脲醛树脂胶的研究与应用

本文描述了刨花板用低毒改性脲醛胶的性能。研究结果表明，用低毒生脲醛胶生产刨花板是可行的，不但可使各项质量指标达到国际一级标准，而且有量比原胶低１０ｋｇ／ｍ＾３因此效益显著。     

哈尔滨机场高速公路改性沥青砼面层施工指标的控制

本文以哈尔滨机场高速公路改性沥青砼路面施工为例 ,论述了掺入SBS改性剂的SMA改性沥青砼面层在北方寒冷地区施工技术指标的控制 ,为北方道路工程建设提供了宝贵经验     

“0.618黄金杯”和不同基质对油茶组培苗生根的影响

为了解决油茶组培苗根系发生困难的问题,将油茶无菌短枝组培苗分别扦插在运用"0.618黄金水位"原理制作的"黄金杯"和扦插常用的传统营养杯中,两种营养杯中分别填入以1︰1的珍珠岩与草炭的混配基质、细河沙及红心土,就不同营养杯和不同基质处理对油茶组培苗生根的影响情况进行了对比试验。结果表明:采用1︰1的珍珠岩与草炭的混配基质,将油茶无菌短枝组培苗扦插在运用"0.618黄金水位"原理制作的"黄金杯"中,可使油茶组培苗在30天内发生出10.68条/株、平均根长为7.52㎝的根系,其发根率为100%。     

硅胶表面霉酚酸分子印迹聚合物的合成及应用

【目的】合成一种对霉酚酸具有特异性识别的分子印迹聚合物吸附材料,用于青贮饲料中霉酚酸的净化、富集和分析检测。【方法】以γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-MPS)改性的硅胶为载体、霉酚酸酯为虚拟模板,合成硅胶表面接枝分子印迹聚合物,采用扫描电镜对制备材料进行表征,通过平衡吸附试验评价材料吸附特性。建立基于合成的分子印迹聚合物固相萃取-高效液相色谱(High performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法检测青贮饲料中霉酚酸。【结果】改性硅胶表面成功包裹一层印迹聚合物。静态吸附试验表明,印迹材料饱和吸附量为4.5 mg/g;动态吸附试验表明,该材料吸附速率快,60 min内即达到吸附平衡。基于该印迹材料作为固相萃取吸附剂建立了HPLC法,霉酚酸的回收率为76.0%～81.2%,相对标准偏差小于7%,检测限达60μg/kg。【结论】制备的硅胶表面霉酚酸分子印迹聚合物可特异性吸附霉酚酸,建立的分子印迹聚合物固相萃取–HPLC法可用于日常青贮饲料中霉酚酸的分析测定,了解青贮饲料被霉菌毒素污染的状况。研究结果可为青贮饲料的质量安全控制提供指导。     

酵母菌载纳米铁去除水中2, 4, 6–三氯酚的性能

以酵母菌为载体,废弃烟叶提取物为还原剂,制备酵母菌载纳米铁(TB–Fe/SC NPs),并探究其去除水中2, 4, 6–三氯酚(2, 4, 6–TCP)的性能。结果表明：负载在酵母菌上的纳米铁为粒径(77.6±16.1) nm的球形颗粒;TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP主要包括吸附和氧化降解2种途径,符合拟二级反应动力学模型;溶解氧和羟自由基在TB–Fe/SC NPs氧化降解2, 4, 6–TCP中起重要作用;TB–Fe/SC NPs对2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率随温度的升高而增大,随2, 4, 6–TCP初始浓度的增大而减少,而反应体系的pH值对TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP的影响较小;TB–Fe/SC NPs用量为1.0~3.0 g/L时,2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率随TB–Fe/SC NPs用量的增大而增大;Fe3+、Mg2+、Ca2+和SO42–能促进TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP的反应,HPO42–、HCO3–和腐殖酸则对反应有抑制作用,而K+、NO3–和Cl–对2, 4, 6–TCP的去除影响不明显;TB–Fe/SC NPs能在室温下稳定储存6个月以上,重复使用6次后,2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率由80.54%下降到28.75%;在25 ℃和pH=5.0的条件下,3 g/L TB–Fe/SC NPs对20 mg/L 2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率和去除量分别为(80.54±0.39)%、(5.23±0.03) mg/g。     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.     

植物介导金属纳米颗粒合成的研究进展

随着纳米科技的快速发展,人工合成的金属纳米颗粒已在农业生产、生物医药、个人消费品等领域广泛应用。同时,越来越多研究表明植物也能介导金属纳米颗粒的合成。这些研究为制备金属纳米颗粒提供了新思路,但是,多数研究只局限于植物合成方法的表观描述,缺乏对过程及机理的深入研究。这不仅阻碍了金属纳米颗粒与植物相互作用的理论认知,还限制了植物合成方法的大规模应用。本文总结了近年来植物体内金属纳米颗粒的鉴别与表征方法及植物合成纳米材料的应用,重点对植物合成纳米颗粒的过程进行了梳理,发现有机酸、还原性糖类、蛋白质等生物成分都会参与纳米颗粒的生成过程。今后需研发更多的表征手段,以原位技术全面揭示植物合成金属纳米颗粒的机制。