大气O3浓度升高对稻季耕层土壤溶液Ca Mg浓度的影响

利用中国稻/麦轮作系统O3-FACE(Ozone-Free Air Concentration Enrichment)试验平台,研究了大气O3浓度升高(比周围大气高50%)对稻季不同生育期耕层土壤溶液中Ca、Mg浓度的影响.结果表明,大气O3浓度升高对稻田0～15cm耕层土壤溶液Ca浓度无明显影响,但Mg 浓度呈现降低趋势;降低了15cm处土壤溶液Ca、Mg浓度,其中对Mg浓度的降低幅度为20.97%,且达显著水平;大气O3浓度升高可改变耕层土壤溶液中Ca、Mg离子在不同深度的分布,降低15cm处土壤溶液Ca、Mg浓度与5cm处比值,降低幅度分别为13.50%、34.29%.文章指出大气O3浓度升高会对稻田生态系统土壤Ca、Mg元素地球化学循环产生重要影响,并可能因此影响稻米产量和品质.     

钙镁比调控对烟叶产量、化学品质及镁吸收的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了施用镁肥进行土壤交换性钙镁比下调及叶面喷施镁肥对烤烟生长发育、产量、内在化学品质及镁吸收的影响。结果表明,与对照不施镁肥相比,土壤交换性钙镁比下调及叶面喷施镁肥有利于烤烟的生长、发育和农艺性状改善,有利于烟叶产量、产值的提高,能提升中部烟叶化学品质,土壤交换性钙镁比调控到10时最佳,其次是调控到8时,叶面喷施效果也较好;同时,与对照相比,土壤交换性钙镁比下调及叶面喷施镁肥显著提高了烟叶镁的含量及其对镁的累积量,尤其是上、中部烟叶,而且随着镁肥施用量增加和钙镁比下调,烟叶对镁的累积量显著增加。     

基于土壤钙镁比的毕节植烟区镁肥施用分区研究

当前植烟区土壤镁肥施用主要依据土壤有效镁含量水平及其空间分布特征确定,但很少考虑到土壤钙镁比(有效钙含量/有效镁含量)对土壤镁素供应的现实影响,这必然对镁肥施用效果产生不利影响。本研究以毕节植烟区为例,基于大样本土壤采样数据,综合考虑土壤有效镁含量水平、土壤钙镁比及两者的空间分布特征,通过图形叠加和栅格运算,科学划定植烟区土壤镁肥宜施等级及分区。研究表明,毕节植烟区土壤有效镁平均含量为278.1 mg·kg^-1,土壤钙镁比均值为14.5,空间上均呈现较强的波动性。从空间插值图看,土壤有效镁含量以适宜等级为主,占到毕节植烟区面积的69%,土壤钙镁比分布以10～20和5～10两等级为主,且各等级交错分布。基于土壤有效镁含量和钙镁比获得的土壤镁肥宜施等级图中,适宜和较适宜施用镁肥面积分别为69.0%和10.5%,不适宜施用面积为19.0%,而极适宜和极不适宜面积比例仅分别为1.3%和0.2%。若仅考虑土壤有效镁含量得到的宜施等级分布与考虑钙镁比的宜施等级分布存在很大差异,这说明在制定镁肥施用方案时,若不考虑钙镁比对土壤镁素供应的影响,得到的镁肥宜施等级分区会产生较大的偏...     

我国冬油菜种植区土壤有效镁状况与油菜施镁效果

我国冬油菜主产区耕作土壤有效镁供应能力有限,近年来随着产量提高作物从土壤中带走的镁养分量大,而生产上普遍施用氮、磷、钾养分含量高的化肥从而导致随施肥带入的镁养分极少,镁营养缺乏逐渐成为限制油菜产量的潜在因子。为全面评价冬油菜种植区土壤有效镁丰缺状况与油菜施镁效果,本文系统梳理了油菜镁营养研究的主要进展,在揭示油菜需镁量大(Mg 20～40 kg/hm~2)、我国冬油菜主产区土壤缺镁问题突出(土壤有效镁平均含量为225.7 mg/kg,其中低于200.0 mg/kg的土壤占53.7%,处于缺乏或潜在缺乏状态)和施镁大幅度增产(平均增产效果大于15%)的基础上,提出了镁是我国冬油菜种植中继氮、磷、钾、硼后第5种需要通过施肥方式进行补充的必需营养元素,并为冬油菜生产上镁肥的科学管理提供了建议。     

水环境Mg2+、Ca2+含量对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长和能量收支的影响及其机制

采用人工海水,在保持海水盐度为30的条件下,设置了8个处理,R1,R2,R3,R4,R5,R6,R7和R8,其Mg2+/Ca2+比值(mg/mg)和Mg2+、Ca2+实测含量(mg/L)分别为0.11(35,330),0.53(175,330),1.59(525,330),2.42(800,330),3.36(1110,330),4.78(1110,232),7.87(1110,141),11.81(1110,94),研究了水环境Mg2+、Ca2+含量对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长和能量收支的影响及其机制。实验持续40d(其中R8处理因为实验虾死亡率高而只进行了30d)。实验结果:对虾的生长、蜕皮、食物转化效率和能量收支受水环境Mg2+和Ca2+含量的影响均很显著(P<0.05);其摄食量受水体Ca2+浓度的影响明显(P<0.05),而受Mg2+含量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。本研究表明,凡纳滨对虾对水体低Mg2+含量的耐受能力较强,而对低Ca2+含量的耐受力很弱。在利用内陆低Mg2+或Ca2+含量的天然咸水进行对虾养殖中,通过添加Mg盐或Ca盐,只需将Mg2+浓度调节到该盐度下正常含量的15%以上,保证Ca2+浓度...     

地表径流中碱土金属流失规律及调控机制研究

采用模拟降雨装置,对密云县农田褐土进行了在不同地表状况、降雨强度和坡度下的交叉试验,测试分析了径流泥沙和径流水携带的Ca、Mg流失量。结果表明,相同降雨强度、坡度条件下,Ca、Mg流失量为秸秆覆盖<草皮覆被<裸地。相同地表状况与坡度下Ca、Mg流失量与雨强呈正相关,相同雨强下泥沙携带流失量随坡度的增加而增大,草皮覆被和秸秆覆盖的地表径流水中Ca、Mg的流失量随坡度的增加而增大,坡度对裸地地表径流水携带Ca、Mg的流失量峰值有影响。相同雨强和坡度条件下,裸地地表泥沙中Ca、Mg的流失量超出径流水的携带量,草皮覆被和秸秆覆盖下,在坡度10°、15°时泥沙中Ca、Mg的流失量接近于径流水携带量,而且此时径流水中Ca、Mg的流失量占泥沙携带量的百分比高于坡度为20°、25°、30°时的百分比。秸秆覆盖,雨强90、120mm·h-1条件下,径流水中Mg的流失量已经超过了泥沙携带量,结果证明径流液中Ca、Mg均存在不容忽视的流失状况,而且Ca的流失量高于Mg。     

生物质燃气中焦油的催化转化脱除研究

以浸渍在天然镁橄榄石上的金属镍和铈组成的催化剂对焦油模型化合物甲苯进行了催化重整试验，调整镍和铈的负载量及水碳比，优选出了活性高、反应稳定的催化剂（含3％NiO和1％CeO2），用该催化剂对生物质氧化燃气中的焦油进行催化转化，焦油的转化率达90％。     

Plant availability of magnesium and phosphorus from struvite with concurrent nitrification inhibitor application

Struvite (MgNH₄PO₄.6H₂O) and nitrification inhibitors are applied to soils to, respectively, provide nutrients and reduce nitrogen (N) loss. Given its low N composition (5.7%) relative to that of phosphorus (P, 12.6%) and magnesium (Mg, 9.9%), struvite could be added to soil concurrently with N fertilizers as a source of P and Mg. Nutrient release from struvite could be impacted if nitrification of its ammonium component is reduced by a nitrification inhibitor. Accordingly, a pot trial gauged whether struvite‐fertilized ryegrass had comparable Mg or P uptake and shoot yields with treatments receiving conventional Mg and P fertilizers. Struvite precipitated from milk industry wastewater, or conventional fertilizers, were added to a soil–sand mixture of low fertility. The inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) was added to assess its effect on P uptake by ryegrass. Relative to Epsom salt, struvite led to increased Mg uptake without significantly affecting shoot biomass, indicating luxury consumption. Regarding shoot yield and P uptake, struvite was as effective as triple super phosphate. DCD significantly reduced P uptake in the first harvest; the inhibited nitrification of the ammonium is surmised to have diminished struvite dissolution. In later harvests, DCD led to a trend (albeit not statistically significant) of increased biomass; this N‐rich (66% N) compound was probably biodegraded and utilized as an N source. The impact of DCD on P uptake in this experiment was short‐lived. Nevertheless, DCD degradation occurs less rapidly in field conditions, potentially affecting early P supply which is vital for optimum yield.     

Influence of boron on other chemical elements in alfalfa

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of three boron rates applied to the soil on the distribution and relative abundance of 12 chemical elements in various alfalfa plant parts at four successive stages of growth.

Plant samples were separated into lower leaves, lower stems, upper leaves, upper stems, and tips. These plant parts were analyzed for Zn, B, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, P, K, Na, Al, Si, and Cu.

Results of this study indicated: i. application of B to the soil resulted in increases in concentration of B in alfalfa tissue proportional to the rate of B applied. For most elements, a decrease in concentration was generally obtained when the rate of soil‐applied boron was increased from 6.3 to 12.6 kg/ha;

ii. a continual increase in the B concentration from early vegetative to bloom stage of growth and then, a decrease in the B concentration from bloom to seed set was observed for the entire alfalfa plant;

iii. the concentration of an element found in leaf tissue was generally greater than the concentration in stem tissue. Furthermore, the concentration of an element found in the lower leaves was generally greater than the concentration found in the upper leaves.

     

欧洲花楸组织培养中缺素症状的研究

通过改变培养基配方对欧洲花楸进行缺素症状的研究,旨在为生产试验中直观判断培养基养分的丰缺情况,以便为及时改变适合植物生长的培养基配方提供理论依据。实验结果表明:最早出现缺素症状的是缺镁培养,其次是缺钙培养和缺铁培养。