菌肥对铜污染土壤玉米苗期光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了在铜(100 mg·kg-1)污染土壤中,施用菌肥(0,50,100,200 g)对不同品种玉米(晋单56号、长玉16号、大正2号)苗期光合特性(净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率和气孔导度)的影响。结果表明:(1)施入菌肥100 g,大正2号、长玉16号和晋单56号玉米的苗期净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的值有明显的增加,且含量均高于其他处理,胞间CO2浓度均低于其他处理。(2)大正2号玉米在施用菌肥100 g处理下,苗期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度的含量均高于其他品种玉米,而叶片的胞间CO2浓度含量低于其他品种玉米。4种光合特性的值分别为:8.34,3.08,69.3,23.3μmol·m-2·s-1。由此可见,在铜污染土壤中施入菌肥,对不同品种玉米苗期净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均有明显的促进作用,对胞间的CO2浓度有明显的抑制作用,即大正2号玉米在施用菌肥100g时,苗期光合作用最强。     

The fate of chlortetracycline residues in a simulated chicken–fish integrated farming systems

Two experiments were conducted at the Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand to investigate the fate of chlortetracycline (CTC) residue in chicken manure and its effect on integrated chicken–fish farming system. During the first experiment, broiler chickens were raised and CTC residues in their manure were analysed. Chicken fed diets containing 0, 50, 200 and 800 CTC mg kg^?1 had CTC residue levels of 0, 0.9, 3.8 and 6.5 CTC ng g^?1. Once the diet containing CTC was withdrawn, CTC in the manure dropped to negligible amounts (0, 0, 0.2 and 0.5 CTC ng g^?1) within 1 day. Integrated chicken–fish farming systems were simulated during the second experiment to determine the fate of antibiotic residues in chicken manure in aquaculture environment. Chickens were fed a CTC‐free diet and a feed containing CTC at 200 mg kg^?1. Ten 4 m³ square concrete tanks (2 × 2 × 1 m) were used for the experiment. Five tanks were fertilized with CTC‐contaminated manure and the remaining five tanks were fertilized with CTC‐free manure at a rate of 100 kg dry matter ha^?1 day^?1. Sex‐reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was stocked at 12 fish tank^?1 on the 14th day after chicken manure application. The immuno‐radio microbial receptor assay (Charm II test) revealed that edible fish muscle, fish intestinal tract and sediment were contaminated by CTC at rates of 7.21, 22.104 and 1.788 ng g^?1, respectively, after 45 days. Chlortetracycline was detected on day 20 in the water column and gradually increased from 0.26 to 12.13 ng g^?1. Chlortetracycline residues were not detected in fish or the aquatic environment of the CTC‐free treatment. The results demonstrate the potential for antibiotic residue accumulation in fish and aquatic environment when CTC‐contaminated chicken manure is used for pond fertilization.     

Comparative changes in water quality and role of pond soil after application of different levels of organic and inorganic inputs

Changes in water parameters were studied in a yard experiment for 7 weeks after application of cow dung at 20, 50 and 100 t ha^?1, poultry manure at 4, 10 and 20 t ha^?1, feed mixture (groundnut oil cake and rice bran at 1:1) at 10, 20 and 30 t ha^?1 and inorganic fertilizers at 100 kg urea+50 kg single super phosphate (SSP) ha^?1, twice this dose (2x ha^?1) and thrice this dose (3x ha^?1). To study the role of soil in the mineralization process, each treatment was divided into two groups – one with and the other without soil substrate. Higher degree of changes in water parameters was observed at higher input levels. Both organic amendment and inorganic fertilization caused significant reduction (P<0.05) in dissolved oxygen and increase in free CO₂, dissolved organic matter, total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphorus contents of water. Organic inputs significantly decreased (P<0.05) water pH and increased total alkalinity and hardness. In contrast, inorganic fertilization caused a significant increase in pH; alkalinity and hardness increased significantly in the presence of soil, but reduced in its absence. In organic input, presence of soil substrate caused significantly lower value of pH, dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic matter and phosphate‐phosphorus and significantly higher free CO₂, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate contents, compared with those in the absence of soil, revealing enhanced microbial mineralization in the presence of soil.     

茶园绿肥新品种——茶肥1号的特性及栽培技术

介绍了茶园绿肥新品种茶肥1号的特性及其栽培技术要点。     

绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤物理性质的影响

[目的]探讨绿肥填闲种植对旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤物理性质的影响,为其在黄土高原旱作农业区的推广提供科学依据。[方法]基于4 a田间定位试验,研究了夏闲期种植长武怀豆、苏丹草、怀豆/苏丹草混播以及裸地休闲(CK)对旱作冬小麦收获期农田耕层(0—20 cm)土壤容重、孔隙度、持水量和团聚体的影响。[结果]在0—10 cm土层,与CK相比,苏丹草和混播处理显著降低了土壤容重,怀豆,苏丹草和混播处理显著提高了土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、大团聚体(>5 mm)所占比例和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD);在10—20 cm土层,苏丹草处理大团聚体所占比例和MWD均显著高于CK。土壤容重与土壤有机碳含量呈显著负相关,毛管孔隙度和团聚体平均重量与绿肥生物量呈显著正相关,而土壤总孔隙度、饱和持水量和毛管持水量与绿肥生物量和土壤有机碳均呈显著正相关。[结论]在黄土高原地区,夏闲期单播种植长武怀豆、苏丹草及混播均能显著改善耕层土壤物理性质,综合来看,苏丹草单播的效果优于长武怀豆单播和二者混播。     

3种固沙材料与风沙土复配后土壤改良效应及其质量评价

揭示风沙土复配其他固沙材料后的土壤质量变化及改良效应对研发防沙固沙新材料具有重要的指导意义。以乌兰布和沙漠风沙土为对照(CK),采用粉煤灰、脱硫石膏、牛粪3种固沙材料按干质量比15%,25%与风沙土进行复配,研究了不同材料与配比复配土壤对机械组成、养分含量、金属含量的改良效应,运用最小数据集构建、隶属度计算与土壤质量指数计算等方法评价了复配土壤质量。结果表明:(1)不同复配土壤的机械组成均发生了改变,粉粒、粗砂等难蚀、较难蚀颗粒体积分数增加,易蚀的细砂体积分数降低。(2)除石膏复配土壤各养分指标与CK相近外,其余复配土壤有机碳含量较对照提高1.2～10.4倍,牛粪复配土壤在提高养分含量方面显著高于其他材料; 以牛粪和石膏为材料的复配土则分别增加或降低了沙土中的金属含量,而粉煤灰复配土的Cr,As较CK下降。(3)不同复配土对土壤理化性质作用影响各异,粉煤灰在粒径改良方面较优,牛粪在养分提升方面效果显著,石膏在重金属含量降低方面作用明显,粉煤灰石膏混合复配则综合了二者的优势。(4)3种固沙材料均在不同程度上提高了复配土壤的质量,但复配土壤质量仍处于较低水平。综上,不同复配比例组合中,15%粉煤灰复配土壤质量得分指数最高为0.545,对风沙土的改良效果最好,其次为15%脱硫石膏(0.537),15%牛粪(0.506)和25%粉煤灰与脱硫石膏(0.484)复配组合。     

Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions in Maize Growing Season Under Different Fertilizer Regimes in an Upland Red Soil Region of South China

Upland red soils have been identified as major CO2 and N2O sources induced by human activities such as fertilization. To monitor characteristics of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes in cropland ecosystems after continuous fertilizer applications over decades and to separate the respective contributions of root and heterotrophic respiration to the total soil CO2 and N2O fluxes, the measurements of soil surface CO2 and N2O fluxes throughout the maize growing season in 2009 were carried out based on a fertilization experiment （from 1990） through of the maize （Zea mays L.） growing season in red soil in southern China. Five fertilization treatments were chosen from the experiment for study： zero-fertilizer application （CK）, nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium （NPK） fertilizer application only, pig manure （M）, NPK plus pig manure （NPKM） and NPK with straw （NPKS）. Six chambers were installed in each plot. Three of them are in the inter-row soil （NR） and the others are in the soil within the row （R）. Each fertilizer treatment received the same amount of N （300 kg ha-1 yr-1）. Results showed that cumulative soil CO2 fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS〉M, NPKM〉NPK〉CK. The contributions of root respiration to soil CO2 fluxes was 40, 44, 50, 47 and 35% in CK, NPK, NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, with the mean value of 43%. Cumulative soil N2O fluxes in NR or R were both following the order： NPKS, NPKM〉M〉NPK〉CK, and soil N2O fluxes in R were 18, 20 and 30% higher than that in NR in NPKM, M and NPKS treatments, respectively, but with no difference between NR and R in NPK treatment. Furthermore, combine with soil temperature at -5 cm depth and soil moisWxe （0-20 cm） together could explain 55-70% and 42-59% of soil CO2 and N2O emissions with root interference and 62- 78% and 44-63% of that without root interference, respectively. In addition, soil CO2 and N2O flUXeS per unit yield in NPKM （0.55 and 0.10 kg C t^-1） and M （0.65 and 0.13 g N t^-1） treatments were lower than those in other treatments. Therefore, manure application could be a preferred fertilization strategy in red soils in South China.     

有机肥不同施用时间和种类对烤烟病害及几个生理指标的影响

[目的]探讨不同烤烟耕作制度下养分循环及投入和携出量的变化规律.[方法]通过田间试验研究了不同种类有机肥（腐熟猪粪、菜籽饼和腐熟秸秆）及施用时间对烟草花叶病和赤星病发病情况及可溶性糖、淀粉、酚、类黄酮和叶绿素的影响.[结果]当季秸秆与对照相比有效降低了烟草花叶病和赤星病的发病率和病情指数;前作施用猪粪和秸秆明显提高了烟叶中的总酚,当季施用饼肥则可降低类黄酮的含量;当季施用有机肥处理淀粉含量高于前作施用,移栽后90d,前作可溶性糖含量下降幅度大于当季;中上部叶片叶绿素含量以前作猪粪和前作秸秆较高.[结论]为植烟土壤养分资源的统筹提供了参考.     

配施不同种类有机肥对平顶山烤烟化学成分及中性致香成分的影响

[目的]探讨配施不同种类有机肥对平顶山烤烟化学成分及中性致香成分含量的影响,为有机肥施用以改善烤烟质量提供依据。[方法]采用常规方法,对烤烟常规化学成分含量进行测定,并利用GS-MS法对其中性致香物质进行定性定量分析。[结果]配施有机肥可以使烤烟化学成分含量更适宜,还有利于提高烤烟中性致香成分的含量、种类。[结论]动物性有机肥更有利于促进烤烟化学成分的协调性,改善致香物质含量、种类,提高烟叶品质。     

不同填充料对鹿粪好氧堆肥效果的影响

[目的]为了研究玉米秸秆、玉米芯、稻壳3种填充料对鹿粪好氧堆肥效果的影响.[方法]采用仓式堆肥反应器,以鹿粪为底料,测定不同填充料堆体中温度、含水率、好氧速率、C/N比等指标随时间变化的动态过程.[结果]3种物料均可作为鹿粪堆肥的填充料,达到无害化的要求.[结论]当采用大粒径,具有疏松的多孔性结构的玉米芯同鹿粪堆肥,便于通风供氧,堆体升温和降温速度较快,高温持续时间较长,含水率下降迅速,堆体物料腐熟速度快,有利于推动堆肥进程加速进行.