Chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos degradation products in golf course leachate

Chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos are commonly used to control disease and insect pests on golf course greens. While they are relatively immobile in the soil profile, their respective soil degradation products, 4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile and 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-ol are more polar and may be present in golf course green leachate. To investigate this possibility, six stainless steel lysimeters were constructed into two practice greens at a country club in a northern Atlanta, Georgia suburb. Over a period of 1 year after rainfall events, lysimeter leachate samples were collected into glass bottles, filtered and directly analyzed by HPLC with UV detection. Chlorpyrifos was not detected in any sample and chlorothalonil was detected only in one sample, at a concentration of 0.12 mg liter-1. With a limit of quantitation of 0.05 mg liter-1, hydroxychlorothalonil and trichloropyridinol were detected in 87% and 63% of the samples at maximum and median concentrations of 2.21 and 0.55 mg liter-1 for hydroxychlorothalonil and 1.77 and 0.15 mg liter-1 for trichloropyridinol. Golf course green leachate often mixes with surface water, thus more data may be warranted to determine the persistence and ecological significance of chronic exposure to these compounds of organisms in the aquatic environment.     

Assessment method for allelopathic effect from leaf litter leachates

In order to elucidate the allelopathic effect of leaf litter leachates under laboratory conditions, a modified 'sandwich method', which places leaves between two layers of agar, was used. Fifty mg of leaves was used per 10 cm² cell. Agar concentrations at 0.5–1.0% were the best for gel support in determining radicle and hypocotyl elongation of lettuce. The optimum incubation time for bioassay was three days after imbibition onset. Among 20 typical tree species in Asia, Cymbopogon citratus and Derris scandens showed the strongest inhibitory activity determined by the sandwich method, followed by Piper betle, Tamarindus indica, and Gliricidia sepium. This bioassay seems to be a reliable method for screening allelopathic activity from leaf litter leachates.     

Allelopathic effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus urophylla</Emphasis> on ten tree species in south China

Aqueous leaf leachate and leaf volatile of Eucalyptus urophylla were used to investigate their effects on seed germination and seedling growth of seven native tree species (Cinnamomum burmanni, Cryptocarya concinna, Machilus chinensis, Photinia benthamiana, Pygeum topengii, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium) and three exotic tree species (Acacia confusa, Albizia lebbeck and Albizia falcataria). It was revealed that aqueous leaf leachate suppressed the seed germination and seedling growth of Photinia benthamiana, Pygeum topengii, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium. In case of Cryptocarya concinna, leaf leachate decreased only the seed germination. Leaf volatile concentration beyond 250 g per desiccator had a significant suppression effect on germination of Cinnamomum burmanni, Cryptocarya concinna, Machilus chinensis, Diospyros morrisiana and Pterospermum lanceaefolium. The seedlings growth for most species was affected at concentration of 50 g and above, with the exception of Cryptocarya concinna, Pygeum topengii and Albizia falcataria which were not obviously suppressed at 50 or 150 g leaf weight. However, the growth of Pterospermum lanceaefolium remained uninhibitory till when volatile at the concentration of 350 g leaf weight was applied. From the result it can be concluded that the allelochemical effects of the donor varies with the dose applied, and species respond differently to allelochemical released by the Eucalyptus.     

Willow stands as an alternative method for the reduction of leachate at contaminated sites — numerical investigations

The commonly used multiple‐liner‐system of modern top sealings of contaminated sites is expensive and in many cases (minor hazardousness of pollutants), not necessary. As an alternative, we investigated the performance of willow stands as the only measure to reduce percolating soil water and therewith pollutant transport to underlying ground water resources. It is well accepted that willows have a high water demand and may considerably reduce percolation. On the basis of experimentally determined soil physical properties of a landfill site, we performed water balance calculations with the physically based HYDRUS‐code and a simple bucket approach. The 20 yr annual leachate rate for bare soil was calculated to vary from 336 (HYDRUS) to 451 mm yr^—1 (bucket‐model). Willows were able to reduce the annual leachate to 146 (HYDRUS) and 186 mm yr^—1 (bucket‐model), indicating their great performance compared to a grass‐ or beechwood cover. However, legal regulations (TASi) in Germany cannot be met with the proposed method. In minor hazardous cases, official authorities may accept willow stands as an alternative system for protection.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液好氧回灌技术的试验研究

通过在北京海淀区六里屯卫生填埋场内设垃圾填埋模拟柱,对新鲜垃圾产生的渗滤液进行了好氧和厌氧两种条件下的自身循环回灌,对两种条件下渗滤液的产生量、常规水质指标进行了测定和分析,初步探讨了好氧回灌处理技术对城市垃圾渗滤液的影响。结果表明,好氧条件下,垃圾填埋柱中渗滤液产生量较少,填埋体系易形成中性偏碱的环境,温度较高,添加污泥与蚯蚓的作用有利于CODCr和氨氮的降解,比厌氧条件提早进入稳定阶段,进而加快了填埋垃圾的稳定化进程。     

Integrated Flow-based System Displaying an In-line Mini Soil Column to Monitor Iron Species in Soils Leachates

ABSTRACT

Contamination of ground water as a consequence of soil leaching processes is an issue of major concern. In this context, a simulation of the soil leaching process was designed. A sequential injection (SI) method to monitor the soil leaching of iron complexes with in-line rain simulation for leachate production is described. The developed methodology comprises the SI determination of both iron(III) and 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinones iron(III) complexes, coupled to a mini soil column (mSC) for displaying in-line rain simulations. The described SI method enabled iron(III) determination within the range 2.0–35 µmol L^?1, with a detection limit of 0.42 µmol L^?1, and determination of iron(III) complexes in the range 1.0–45 µmol L^?1. It was successfully applied to leachates from laboratory scale soil columns (LSSC), with good precision for both iron(III) and iron complexes determinations: calculated relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5% and 6%, respectively. A step further in automation and miniaturization was attained with the incorporation of a mini soil column for the in-line leachate production. The system enabled the soil leachate production and assessment in less than 5 min, including determinations in triplicate.     

Ca2+对磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理垃圾渗滤液的影响研究

磷酸铵镁沉淀法因其反应时间短，操作简便和原材料容易获得的优势被广泛利用在垃圾渗滤液的处理中。在生活垃圾产生的渗滤液中出存在着大量的Ca2+，而这些Ca2+会对磷酸铵镁沉淀法处理渗滤液产生一定影响。实验通过设置渗滤液中Ca2+的浓度探索Ca2+对磷酸铵镁沉淀法降低COD和氨氮的影响。在实验中，磷酸铵镁沉淀法对氨氮的去除率从65.12%下降至42.52%，同时COD的去除率也从51.90%下降至37.87%。实验证明，垃圾渗滤液中Ca2+的含量会影响Mg2+与PO43-和氨氮结合，降低氨氮和COD去除率。     

一种处理垃圾渗滤液的新型组合工艺

针对垃圾渗滤液水质特点，研发了一套新型组合工艺，经过罗定市垃圾填埋场晚期渗滤液的中试处理试验，并对工艺进行改良和优化，结果表明：垃圾渗滤液能够得到很好的处理，各项出水指标基本达到规定的标准，在实际工程中发挥良好的作用。     

施用有机物料土壤中氮、磷及重金属的短期淋失规律

通过土柱培养试验,研究土壤中氮、磷、重金属在污泥堆肥、猪粪堆肥土地利用后30天内的淋失规律。研究发现,混合土层与土壤底层中硝氮及磷酸盐在添加有机物料后30天内不断溶出,而氨氮在有机物料施用后的5～10天内溶出风险最大;有机物料的施入显著提高了土壤中重金属Cu和Zn的水溶性,混合土层Cu、Zn的淋失含量分别在施用有机物料后第2天与第5天达到峰值,并逐渐向下迁移,使土壤底层Cu的溶出量逐渐升高,Zn的溶出量在5～10天达到最高,其中污泥堆肥处理最明显。土壤溶解性有机碳含量也在施用有机物料后短期内有明显的增加,并显著影响土壤中氮、磷、重金属的短期淋失量。以上结果表明,土壤中氮、磷、重金属在施用有机物料后短时间内就有淋失风险,对地下水造成较大威胁。因此,应该特别关注有机物料土地利用后污染物在短期内的排放及其控制措施,减轻对土壤生态系统的短期冲击,减少对环境污染的风险。     

秸秆干式厌氧发酵渗滤液回流技术研究

采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了秸秆干式厌氧发酵渗滤液回流量、回流方式对产气量的影响,分析比较了渗滤液的COD、VFA、pH变化以及其与产气率的相互关系。结果表明,在中温、底物浓度（TS）为18%条件下,发酵培养43 d,以0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 L·d^-1的量回流,不同回流量处理间累积产气量差异不显著。底物浓度为20%、发酵84 d条件下,每天回流与产气趋势下降后回流以及两相法回流其总产气量较不回流对照分别提高了9.53%、23.13%、12.74%,其中以产气趋势下降后再回流的方式为最优。