Extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seed kernels by enzyme assisted three phase partitioning

Three phase partitioning has been evaluated for extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seeds. This process consisted of simultaneous addition of t-butanol (1:1, v/v) and 30% (w/v) ammonium sulphate to the slurry prepared from Jatropha seed kernels. Combination of sonication and enzyme treatment with a commercial preparation of fungal proteases at pH 9, led to 97% oil yield within 2 h.     

SULFUR AND BORON-MAGNESIUM-ZINC COMPOUND FERTILIZER CONTRIBUTE TO THE REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH OF JATROPHA CURCAS L.

Jatropha curcas L., a native tree to Mexico and Central America, is cultivated in many counties of China as a source for biodiesel. The effects of different fertilizers on the growth of Jatropha curcas L. were studied under soil conditions of low nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B) in soil. Compared with 16N-16P-16K compound fertilizer, both sulfur (S) and a B-management (Mg)-zinc (Zn) compound fertilizer both increased the oil concentration of the seed, and promoted the reproductive growth. Only the fertilizer S increased the seed yield and the Acid value of the oil, while the B-Mg-Zn compound fertilizer declined the Acid value of the oil and induced the differentiation of female flowers. Boron-Mg-Zn compound fertilizer induced a smaller increase in the oil concentration of Jatropha curcas seed than fertilizer S and the largest increase in growth rate of trees. Moreover, Jatropha curcas showed a higher requirement of S for the reproductive phase than for its vegetative growth. Jatropha curcas may belong to the species with restricted B mobility, and B fertilizer should be sprayed as a foliar fertilizer. However, further research on the S nutrition of Jatropha curcas is required.     

柴油机喷嘴内小桐子油流动特性仿真分析

为对燃用小桐子油柴油机的燃油喷射及雾化进行系统研究,建立了考虑燃油黏度、密度及气泡数密度随喷射条件变化的三维气液两相流空穴模型,在对所建数学模型验证的基础上,进行了喷油压力、喷油背压及燃油温度对喷嘴内小桐子油空穴流动特性影响的数值模拟,并与喷嘴内柴油的流动特性进行了对比分析。结果表明：应用小桐子油作燃油时,随着喷油压力的增加,喷孔出口燃油的平均流速及质量流量逐渐增加,流量系数逐渐降低,但空化效应变化并不明显;喷油背压的变化对喷嘴内小桐子油的流动特性影响较小;随着燃油温度的升高,喷孔出口平均流速、质量流量及流量系数均大幅提高,空化效应显著增强。相同喷射条件下,小桐子油的空化效应及喷孔出口平均流速均低于柴油,但其质量流量及流量系数是否低于柴油,还受到燃油温度的影响。该研究可为燃用小桐子油柴油机工作过程的深入分析提供参考。     

云南省小桐子种仁含油率影响因素初探

通过收集云南省小桐子主要分布区23个县(市)的资源,分析小桐子的地理空间分布格局和种仁含油率与海拔、土壤类型、土层厚度及坡向等因素的关系。结果表明:云南小桐子在海拔400～1900 m均有分布,但主要集中在海拔800～1700 m;分布纬度21°57'—26°59'N、经度98°49'—103°7'E,在纬度24°13'—26°9'N、经度100°1'—102°13'E区域分布较集中。海拔1401～1600 m的小桐子含油率显著高于其他海拔;不同类型土壤的小桐子含油率有显著差异,其中耕作土的小桐子含油率显著高于其他土壤;而不同坡向、不同土层厚度对小桐子含油率的影响不显著。     

小桐子枝叶石油醚萃取相杀虫物质的分离和鉴定

为寻找小桐子枝叶中的杀虫活性物质,以具有杀虫作用的小桐子枝叶乙醇粗提物的石油醚萃取相为试验材料,对其采用硅胶柱反复柱层析,结合薄层层析制备分离及对各阶段分离产物进行活性追踪筛选,获得具有杀虫作用的活性部位AJ1,初步鉴定出活性部位主体成分.结果表明:AJ1活性组分在质量浓度为8 mg/mL时,对桃蚜(Myzus persicae (Sulzer))和菜青虫(Pierisrapae L.)的24 h(72 h)校正死亡率均大于70％,与吡虫啉无显著差异,显示出极高的毒杀活性.对AJ1组分进行GC-MS分析,初步鉴定了含量最高的9个化合物,为总量的96.18％,其中含量前5位的物质依次是1-烯丙氧基,2-异丙醇、4-乙炔基-1,2-二甲基-4喹啉醇、4烯丙氧基-2-甲基2戊醇和2,4-二甲基癸烷和1-(已氧基)辛烷,5种主要成分为总量的83.81％.     

麻疯树新害虫———黑额光叶甲简

[目的]介绍重要能源树种麻疯树新发现的重要害虫——黑额光叶甲[Physosmaragdinanigrifrons（Hope）]。[方法]通过2013年5月2次对贵州省罗甸县境内麻疯树林分的病虫害种类进行调查以及查阅相关资料,对黑额光叶甲的识别特征及其对麻疯树的为害状况进行了介绍。[结果]黑额光叶甲在罗甸地区麻疯树林分上的为害株率达38％（n=100）,主要以成虫取食刚萌发伸展的幼嫩新叶进行为害;介绍了该虫成虫的形态特征,并据其确定了该虫的分类地位;最后介绍了该虫的分布及寄主。[结论]为该害虫的有效控制及进一步研究提供了参考。     

Influences of incorporating detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) diet on the expression of growth hormone‐ and insulin‐like growth factor‐1‐encoding genes

Jatropha curcas is a drought‐resistant shrub or small tree widespread all over the tropics and subtropics. The use of J. curcas (L) kernel meal in fish feed is limited owing to the presence of toxic and antinutritional constituents. In this study, it was detoxified using heat treatment and organic solvent extraction method. The detoxification process was carried out for 60 min to obtain the detoxified meal. Cyprinus carpio L. fingerlings (n = 180; avg. wt. 3.2 ± 0.07 g) were randomly distributed in five treatment groups with four replicates and fed isonitrogenous diets (crude protein 38%) for 8 weeks. The inclusion levels of the detoxified Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM) and soybean meal (SBM) were as follows: control diet was prepared with fish meal (FM) and wheat meal, without any DJKM and SBM; diets S₅₀ and J₅₀: 50% of FM protein replaced by SBM and DJKM respectively; diets S₇₅ and J₇₅: 75% of FM protein replaced by SBM and DJKM respectively. Highest body mass gain and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) gene expression in brain, liver and muscle were observed for the control group, which were statistically similar to those for J₅₀ group and significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for all other groups, whereas growth hormone gene expression in brain, liver and muscle exhibited opposite trend. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 concentration in plasma did not differ significantly among the five groups. Conclusively, growth performance was in parallel with IGF‐1 gene expression and exhibited negative trend with GH gene expression.     

云南省临沧市膏桐能源林造林碳汇监测

依据《中国绿色碳基金造林项目碳汇计量与监测指南》的监测方法,对2007年和2008年云南省临沧市膏桐能源林造林项目2007～2009年的碳汇进行监测。结果表明:2007～2009年项目均表现为碳源,项目净碳汇量均为负值;其中2007年项目净碳汇量值为-31 671.50 t CO2当量,2008年为-170 770.40 t CO2当量,2009年净碳汇量增至-158 781.00 t CO2当量。2007～2009年项目净碳汇值均较计量值大。     

麻疯树对镉胁迫的生理耐性及富集特征研究

研究了不同Cd浓度（0、10、25、50、100、200mg.kg-1）对麻疯树的生理指标和Cd积累特征的影响。结果表明,在土壤中的Cd≤50mg.kg-1时,麻疯树的生长未受到明显影响（P〉0.05）,当Cd≥100mg.kg-1时,其生长受到明显抑制（P〈0.05）;同时,麻疯树叶中叶绿素含量随土壤中Cd浓度的增加而下降,而其体内Cd含量则呈增加趋势,且表现根〉茎〉叶的富集特征;麻疯树叶中的SOD、POD活性随Cd浓度的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,而CAT活性仅在Cd为200mg.kg-1时显著增加,麻疯树叶中的MDA、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白、酸溶性巯基和谷胱甘肽含量随Cd浓度的增大呈增加趋势,这可在一定程度上缓解金属Cd对麻疯树的毒害。因此,麻疯树在重金属镉污染土壤修复方面具有一定的应用潜能。     

柴油机燃用小桐子油的燃烧过程三维模拟

小桐子油在常温下的黏度比柴油大10倍以上,因此研究柴油机燃用小桐子油的燃烧过程,对于小桐子油作为燃料的实际应用有重要的意义。建立了柴油机三维燃烧模型,对柴油机燃用小桐子油的燃烧过程进行了模拟。模拟所得的气缸压力与试验测试结果较为吻合。通过三维燃烧模拟对缸内的流场、温度场及平均温度的变化进行了分析,发现燃用小桐子油时柴油机的喷油时刻比燃用柴油时略有提前。燃烧始点较早,预混燃烧峰值提前,燃烧持续期较大。