Degradation and sorption of atrazine, hexazinone and procymidone in coastal sand aquifer media

The degradation, sorption and transport of atrazine, hexazinone and procymidone in saturated coastal sand aquifer media were investigated in batch and column experiments. The pesticides were incubated with sterilised and non-sterilised groundwater or a mixture of groundwater and the aquifer material in the dark at 15 degrees C for 120 days. The estimated half-lives of the pesticides (and their ranges) in the mixture of groundwater and aquifer sand were 36 (31-40), 54 (40-77) and 84 (46-260) days for atrazine, procymidone and hexazinone, respectively. Compared with the relevant results for the groundwater-sand mixture phase, the estimated half-life of pesticides in the groundwater phase alone was shorter for procymidone (21 days) but longer for hexazinone (134 days); atrazine was not degraded in the groundwater phase. Chemical degradation appeared to have played the predominant role in the degradation of hexazinone and procymidone in the aquifer system, while both chemical and biological processes seemed to be important for the degradation of atrazine. Batch isothermal experiments were carried out at pH 4.6-4.7 to obtain sorption coefficients under equilibrium conditions. The isothermal data of the pesticides fitted well with the non-linear Freundlich function with an exponent of sorption coefficient that was greater than one. Contrary to reports in the literature, sorption of atrazine was the greatest, and procymidone was slightly more sorbed than hexazinone. A column experiment was conducted at a typical field-flow velocity of 0.5 m day(-1) over 60 days to study pesticide attenuation and transport in flow dynamic conditions. Retardation factors, R, derived from a two-site sorption/desorption model were 8.22, 1.76 and 1.63 for atrazine, procymidone and hexazinone, respectively. Atrazine displayed the lowest mobility and the mobility of procymidone was only slightly less than that of hexazinone, which is consistent with observations in the batch experiment. A possible explanation for these observations is that ionic atrazine is bound to oppositely charged ionic oxides, and ionic oxides have less effect on the sorption of the non-ionic procymidone. The significant tailing in the pesticide breakthrough curves (BTCs) in comparison with the bromide BTC, together with model-simulated results, suggests that the transport of the pesticides was under chemical non-equilibrium conditions with R values that were less than their equivalent values predicted using the batch equilibrium isothermal data. As a result of non-linear kinetic sorption, retardation factors of the pesticides in groundwater systems would not be constant and will decrease with decreasing pesticide concentrations and increasing flow velocities. Hence, the use of equilibrium isotherm data will probably over-predict the sorption of pesticides in groundwater systems. Rhodamine WT, a commonly used groundwater tracer, was significantly retarded (R = 5.48) and its BTC was much more spread out than the bromide BTC. Therefore, it would not be a good tracer for the indication of groundwater flow velocity and dispersion for the coastal sand aquifer system. In contrast to some aquifer media, the dye tracer was unsuitable as a marker of the appearance of atrazine in a coastal sand aquifer system.     

宁南黄土丘陵区旱地作物水分平衡特征与水分生态适应性研究

依据田间试验结果 ,对宁南黄土丘陵区主要作物水分平衡特征与水分生态适应性进行定量评价。结果表明 ,夏熟作物全生育期水分满足率 ,干旱年份为 5 5 9%～ 6 3 8% ,丰水年份为84 1%～ 86 4 % ;秋熟作物全生育期水分满足率 ,干旱年份为 6 7 7%～ 79 0 % ,丰水年份为92 1%～ 95 1%。水分生态适应性因作物类型和降水条件而存在差异 ,秋熟作物水分生态适应性指数高于夏熟作物 ,丰水年份的作物水分生态适应性指数高于干旱年份。旱地 6种主要作物的水分生态适应性指数排序依次为 :谷子 >马铃薯 >糜子 >胡麻 >豌豆 >春小麦。研究结果可为制定合理的旱区种植制度决策方案提供理论依据     

天然气水露点与含水量的换算

在天然气水露点与含水量的换算过程中,涉及天然气状态方程、气液相平衡、气体混合规则等多步计算,参数多且需要迭代求解,整个计算过程相当复杂。为此,提出了一种快速、准确的天然气水露点与含水量的换算方法:选用PR状态方程,并基于GB/T22634-2008提供的关联关系曲线,通过相平衡理论导出计算气、液相的逸度系数公式,最后迭代求解。给出了整个换算过程的详细计算步骤,该计算方法的适用范围可扩展至0.1MPa≤p≤30MPa,-50℃≤t≤40℃。实际算例结果表明:该换算方法在压力范围为0.1～5MPa内计算结果准确性较高,当压力超过8MPa时,计算不确定度有待进一步分析。     

滇西北兰科植物海拔分布格局

根据实际调查和整理相关文献资料,确定滇西北兰科植物409种,其分布的海拔范围为650～4700m;并按400m划分海拔段,共9个梯度,分析其垂直分布格局。结果表明：滇西北兰科植物的垂直分布格局呈“中间膨胀型”或“单峰型”,随着海拔升高,各海拔段兰科植物的数量依次为92、167、194、223、192、159、129、58、32种,其中1051—3000m海拔范围的物种多样性较高;相邻海拔段兰科植物种类相似性系数较高,海拔段相隔越远,相似性系数越小;生活型以地生兰为主,1051～1450m海拔段附生兰种类较为丰富,1851～3450m海拔段地生兰种类较为丰富,各海拔段腐生兰种类较少;1851—2250m海拔段区系成分最多,物种数为223种,占该区域兰科植物总数的54．52％;该区域的区系平衡点在海拔2115m左右,生活型平衡点在海拔2050m左右。     

离子液体对甘蔗渣的微波溶解工艺与性能研究

以甘蔗渣为原料,利用微波辅助加热方法,对其在离子液体中的溶解工艺和性能进行了研究。分析了微波功率、温度、甘蔗渣含量对溶解时间的影响,并确定最佳溶解工艺。采用红外、X射线衍射、热重分析等手段对溶解前后的甘蔗渣纤维素结构进行分析。结果表明:甘蔗渣纤维素在离子液体中的溶解属于直接溶解,纤维素经离子液体溶解和再生后,结晶度下降,晶型由纤维素Ⅰ型转变为纤维素Ⅱ型,并且其热分解温度降低,热稳定性略有下降。     

多层住宅楼中实木地板实际含水率的调查

对南京市城区数栋多层住宅楼、近百户家庭安装的实木地板的含水率进行了实地调查.结果表明,朝南房间靠近窗口和阳台处的地板含水率均较低,朝北房间和客厅近窗口位置,地板的含水率较高;除了楼房底层,在相同楼层内同一树种实木地板的使用含水率差异不明显;含水率随楼层高度的增加而降低.调查结果为生产企业合理控制实木地板产品含水率范围提供参考.     

Influence of felling season,drying method and within-tree location on the brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content of wood from 27–35-year-old Betula pendula

The Brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) were measured from thinning-aged silver birch wood. Wood material both from the trees harvested in the first commercial thinning and from trees remaining on site after the thinning was included. The average Brinell hardness was 19.40 MPa. It correlated significantly with the basic density of wood. With respect to the distance from the pith, the Brinell hardness of air-dried wood was higher than that of artificially dried wood. The average EMC of the conditioned (20°C, 65% relative humidity) wood was 12.0%. The EMC of the wood also varied, with the EMC being higher for air-dried wood than for kiln-dried wood. EMC was the highest at a distance of 30–40 mm from the pith, decreasing towards both pith and log surface. Seasonal variation in both the Brinell hardness and the EMC of the wood was found. It was presumed to be a consequence of season-dependent physiological changes in trees.     

Sb(V)在三种矿物表面的吸附行为

用研究了蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同的pH与离子强度的介质条件下对Sb(V)的吸附及解吸行为。3种矿物对Sb(V)的吸附能力差别较大,蒙脱土的吸附量远大于针铁矿和高岭土,针铁矿与高岭土的吸附能力相近。pH对Sb(V)在3种矿物表面的吸附行为影响显著。随pH的升高,Sb(V)的吸附均减弱。吸附在高岭土表面的Sb(V)易解吸,而针铁矿和蒙脱土表面的Sb(V)不易解吸。随离子强度升高,高岭土对Sb(V)的吸附减弱;离子强度对Sb(V)在针铁矿和蒙脱土表面吸附的影响较小。     

Experimental studies on the impact of an increased dose of anionic salts on the metabolism of dairy cows

Summary

This study was initiated to investigate the influence of a daily dose of anionic salts (AS) above the valid upper limit at present on metabolism of dairy cows. Eleven non‐pregnant and non‐lactating Holstein‐Friesian crossbred cows with a permanent rumen cannula were used in a study with a controlled feeding design. The initial daily dose was 2500 meq/day, which resulted in a Dietary Cation Anion Difference (DCAD) of ‐211 meq/kg dry matter. Every seven days, the daily dose was raised by 500 meq. If a cow stopped eating, the application of AS was stopped and these cows were monitored over the next seven days. On day 30 another batch of hay, having the same DCAD but higher concentrations of minerals and energy, was fed. Blood and urine samples were taken to monitor acid‐base balance and calcium concentrations. Acid‐base balance was strongly influenced by AS. Blood pH dropped steadily and reached values around 7.23. Urine pH dropped quickly below 6 and remained at that level regardless of the increased dosage of AS. Net acid base excretion (NABE) fell continuously with the increase of the dosage of AS and reached values below ‐200 mmol/l. Calcium concentrations in the serum were nearly stable, but those in urine increased sharply and remained on an elevated level with increasing doses of AS. A few days before the individual cow's refusal of feed intake, calcium excretion in urine decreased. The majority of cows stopped eating while consuming a diet containing 3500 to 4000 meq AS except two animals who consumed up to 6000 meq/day AS but they received the better hay in the second half of the treatment period. In this time pH in blood increased slowly. NABE remained stable on a low level at ‐100 mmol/l. The results showed that with an increasing amount of AS fed the risk of clinical acidosis increased. The decreasing urine concentrations of calcium indicate a breakdown of the compensation capability of the single cow. Besides the dose of AS fed, the quality of the feed stuff might be another factor concerning the tolerance of cows against AS.     

Chemical modification of wood: A short review

Abstract

For most markets for wood, it is used without any treatments or modifications. When wood is used in adverse environments, it may be treated with chemicals to help prevent decay, improve water resistance, reduce the effects of ultraviolet radiation or increase fire retardancy. Many of these treatments involve the use of toxic or corrosive chemicals that can harm the environment. Chemical modification of wood provides an alternative by providing protection against water, decay, UV and thermal degradations by bonding chemicals to the cell wall polymers that do not leach out. Dimensional stability and decay resistance are two major properties that can be greatly improved by simple reactions with acetic anhydride.