巨桉种源试验及其在我国适生范围的研究*

1987年在福建省长泰县和海南省琼海县进行了我国首次系统巨桉种源试验。参试种源来自澳大利亚的巨桉自然分布区、巴西的人工林和南非种子园。当巨桉林龄18个月时,长泰试验点平均高4.51m,胸径4.2cm,种源间差异均不显著;琼海试验点平均高4.45m,胸径3.6cm,种源间差异显著。地点间平均树高几乎相同,但胸径差异显著。试验发现,基因型与环境之间的交互作用明显。巨桉的种群变异可能是不规则的。应用GENSTAT统计程序进行的生物气候预测分析表明,巨桉在我国的适生范围大致始于温州,沿海岸与南岭平行至黔桂边界,向南经雷州半岛至海南岛东南,以及川、滇境内的一些不连续地区。     

迎面火与主地表火相互作用的实验研究

为了研究地表火卷吸作用的范围和迎面火与主火相互作用的机理 ,在大空间室内实验室进行了实验研究 .在该实验室实验可以避免环境风和环境温度变化的影响 .研究结果表明 :(1)在火头前方有明显的逆风区存在 .在逆风区下部的逆风风速要比上部的大 ,而且当高度达到某一数值时 ,逆风就不明显了 ;(2 )迎面火与主火之间即使相距较远也存在相互作用 .当它们相互接近到一定程度时 ,彼此相互吸引 .这使得火的蔓延速度显著升高 .对于火线火强度为 16 0kW·m-1地表火来说 ,蔓延速度增加2 7% .     

Plant biotechnology: A case study ofBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its application to the future of genetic engineered trees

Agricultural productivity may be raised in a sustainable way by many different technologies such as biological fertilizers, soil and water conservation, biodiversity conservation, improved pest control, and changes in land ownership and distribution. Of these measures, biotechnology applications probably hold the most promise in augmenting conventional agricultural productivity, because biotechnology applications give not only the need to increase production, but also protect the environment and conserving natural resources for future generations. Biotechnology applications will have the possibilities to increase productivity and food availability through better agronomic performance of new varieties, including resistance to pests; rapid multiplication of disease-free plants; ability to obtain natural plant products using tissue culture; diagnosis of diseases of plants and livestock; manipulation of reproduction methods increasing the efficiency of breeding; and the provision of incentives for greater participation by the private sector through investments. Insect resistance through the transfer of a gene for resistance fromBacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is one of the most advanced biotechnology applications already being commercialized in many parts of the world. This paper reviews the development and the status ofBt technology and application ofBt transgenic plants in current agriculture, and discusses specific issues related to the transfer of the technology to the future of genetic engineered trees with emphasis on conifers. Biography: Tang Wei (1964-), male, Ph. Doctor, Research associate, Department of Biology, Howell Science Complex, East Carelina University, Greenville, NC 27858-4353, USA. Responsible editor: Chal Ruihai     

Evaluation of Populus deltoides clones under nursery,field and agrisilviculture system in subhumid tropics of Central India

Populus deltoides Bartr., a native of North America, is generally grown in India above latitude 28 °N. One hundred and six clones were evaluated for four years at Raipur situated at 21°12N latitude and 81°36E longitude. These were grown on vertisol soil. Based on growth and survival performance in the nursery for two successive years, nineteen clones were selected for field evaluation. The best five clones (G3, G48, 65/27, D121 and S7C1) were planted in an agrisilviculture system at a spacing of 4 × 4 m with soybean grown as an intercrop. After 4 years these clones had an increment of DBH by 66.5 to 77.5% and of height by 42.2 to 78.6% within one year when compared to that observed at 3 years of age. In rank order of growth the best five clones were 65/27 > G3 > D121 > G48 > S7C1. Total biomass varied between 20.9 to 35.8 Mg ha^–1 in different clones. Among the tree components, stemwood accounted for 52–61% of the total biomass, followed by branches (20–25%), bark (9–13%) and leaves (7–10%). No significant variation between net primary productivity and photosynthetic efficiency was found in different clones. Soybean productivity decreased as the trees aged, reaching 40.5 to 58.1% in 4-year-old trees.     

我国杨树与溃疡病菌互作的病理学研究

杨树溃疡病是我国杨树人工林重大的生物灾害，危害越来越严重，本文从植物组织病理学、生理病理学和病理化学的角度深入系统地总结和评述了我国在杨树与溃疡病菌互作研究中所取得的进展和存在的问题，最后就该病害的未来的研究方向和研究内容作了展望。     

锈色粒肩天牛与寄主树种关系的初步研究

在连续 3a的定位观测和分析基础上 ,本文初步报道了锈色粒肩天牛与文献报道中的几种寄主树种之间的关系。结果如下 :(1)根据室内饲养下成虫对不同树种的取食及产卵情况和在不同树种上接种 (卵 )的幼虫情况 ,可将几种寄主树种分为 4类 :高感树种 (国槐 )、低感树种 (云实、黄檀 )、抗虫树种 (刺槐 )、免疫树种 (旱柳 ) ;(2 )酚酸类物质在旱柳中的含量 (3 0 3～ 9 73mg·(10 0g) - 1 ) ,显著高于其它树种中的含量 (1 71～5 39mg·(10 0g) - 1 ) ,可能是锈色粒肩天牛在旱柳上表现拒食、拒产卵、拒钻蛀的重要原因。氨基酸含量较高、组分相对最全 (17种 ) ,以及较高的C N值 ,是国槐基本营养物质的显著特征 ,这可能是锈色粒肩天牛嗜食国槐 ,对其造成严重危害的根本原因。锈色粒肩天牛很少取食危害刺槐 ,这与刺槐树种的各部分C N值过低 ,造成营养失调有关。黄檀木材纤维平均长度为 0 837mm ,平均宽度为 18 90 μm ,长宽比为 5 0 96 ,其韧性是参试树种中最大的 ,因而可能造成幼虫啃食困难 ,加上木材中的C N低 (0 36 ) ,因此 ,具有较强的抗虫性。云实树皮薄而光滑 ,造成成虫产卵困难 ,因此 ,在自然状态下 ,锈色粒肩天牛不易对其产生危害。     

树木嫩枝角,栓质层量与抗两种星天牛的关系

应用组织化学方法测定了６３种树种嫩枝中的淀粉，蛋白质，角质，栓质，单宁含量，经与天牛成贝选择取食量进行对比分析，结果说明，枝条中角质层，栓质层厚者抗虫，含量低者感虫，可作为选择抗虫性树种的指标之一。而蛋白质和淀粉相对含量与在牛选择取食量无关。     

昆虫病原线虫对木麻黄毒蛾侵染能力的初步研究

本文报道应用昆虫病原线虫Steinernema spp.室内对木麻黄毒蛾的侵染能力。通过斯氏属九个线虫品系对木毒蛾的侵染力测定筛选出S.feltiae Agriotos为最佳品系;能寄生低、中、高龄幼虫及蛹;可在3天内把害虫致死。供试的其它八个线虫品系也能不同程度地致死害虫,并在死虫体内繁殖。S.f.Agriotos线虫的剂量对木毒蛾的致死速度及效果有影响,以1000条线虫/害虫侵染期线虫为最适宜剂量,林间对木毒蛾幼虫的致死率平均为89.6%。     

植物生物技术:苏云金杆菌抗虫基因的研究和它对未来树木遗传工程的影响

许多不同的技术可以促进农业生产力的持续增长，生物技术是其中最重要和最有前途的方法。因为生物技术不仅可以增加生产力。而且在环境和自然资源的保护中起重要作用，应用生物技术可以生产高产、优质、高抗性和无病植物，同时也可以提高育种效率和促进食品的工业化生产。苏云金杆菌抗虫基因是目前生物技术领域中应用最广泛的例子之一。由此而产生的抗虫植物正在广泛应用于世界各地的商业化生产。本文综述了苏云金杆菌抗虫基因的研究进展和它在未来林木遗传工程中的应用。表4参68。