两种十八碳二烯酸诱发水稻对稻瘟病的抗性及其防病作用

 研究了（１１Ｓ，１２Ｓ，１３Ｓ）－１１，１２，１３－三羟基０（９Ｚ，１５Ｚ）－十八碳二烯酸（Ａ）和（１１Ｒ）－羟基－１２（Ｓ），１３（Ｓ）－环氧－（９Ｚ，１５Ｚ）－十八碳二烯酸（Ｂ）的生物学活性。体外测试结果表明，这两种十八碳二烯酸对稻瘟菌菌丝生长只有轻微的抑制作用，而对分生孢子萌发则表现了较强的抑制作用，３－４叶期的水稻幼苗经这两种十八碳二烯酸诱发处理后均获得了对稻瘟病的抗性，减轻了稻瘟病的病情。用A处理后隔5 d接种稻瘟病菌，病情指数比对照降低64.8%；用B处理后隔2 d接种病菌，病情指数比对照降低69.8%。两种十八碳二烯酸均以5 μg/mL浓度诱发处理时，使水稻植株获得最大的诱导抗性。由A和B激发产生的诱导抗性对稻瘟病的防治效果均大于50%。先接种稻瘟病菌以诱发发病，而后隔5 d或10 d后喷施10 μg/mL的A或B水溶液，均可减轻稻瘟病的病情，其防治效果在44％－55％。     

我国无核柑桔类型选育研究进展——文献综述

综述了国内无核柑桔类型选育研究进展。通过芽变、实生选种及诱变育种等手段，我国已先后获得了１１９个无核或少类类型的柑桔品种（品系），涉及柑桔属的主要栽培种类和金柑属、黄皮属。芽变选种和实生选种为获得无核或少核类型的有效途径。大多数无核变异与花粉育性下降有关，胚囊败育、倍性变异及自交不亲和也是造成无核的原因。细胞工程技术为培育无核柑桔类型开展了一条新途径。     

诱发籼稻早、晚双向熟期突变的研究

在同一品种的辐射M_2代中,一般可同时出现早、晚双向熟期的突变,且后者的突变率高于前者分别为1.39％和2.67％。突变体提早和延迟的天数两者基本接近(11.5d对10.3d)。早晚双向突变体,由于其熟期发生了相反方向的改变,因而在一定程度上株高、每穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状也发生了双向变异,且达到显著水平。     

Chlorophyll fluorescence as a marker for herbicide mechanisms of action

Photosynthesis is the single most important source of O₂ and organic chemical energy necessary to support all non-autotrophic life forms. Plants compartmentalize this elaborate biochemical process within chloroplasts in order to safely harness the power of solar energy and convert it into usable chemical units. Stresses (biotic or abiotic) that challenge the integrity of the plant cell are likely to affect photosynthesis and alter chlorophyll fluorescence. A simple three-step assay was developed to test selected herbicides representative of the known herbicide mechanisms of action and a number of natural phytotoxins to determine their effect on photosynthesis as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. The most active compounds were those interacting directly with photosynthesis (inhibitors of photosystem I and II), those inhibiting carotenoid synthesis, and those with mechanisms of action generating reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation (uncouplers and inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase). Other active compounds targeted lipids (very-long-chain fatty acid synthase and removal of cuticular waxes). Therefore, induced chlorophyll fluorescence is a good biomarker to help identify certain herbicide modes of action and their dependence on light for bioactivity.     

Compatible Puccinia hordei infection in barley induces basal defense to subsequent infection by Blumeria graminis

Rusts and powdery mildews employ different strategies to suppress defense during penetration. We observed that a compatible interaction of barley-Puccinia hordei induced increased penetration resistance to a challenge infection by powdery mildew. This induced resistance is local and its level is not determined by the virulence spectrum of the challenger isolate. Our data suggest that the inducer effect is due to rust-stoma communication during penetration, to the presence of the rust hyphae in the apoplast, or to penetration resistance mounted by the rust attacked mesophyll cells. We hypothesized that the rust “primes” the basal defense prior to the mildew infection.     

家蚕丝氨酸蛋白酶BmHP14基因的克隆与表达模式分析

家蚕受到外源微生物侵染或损伤时,前酚氧化酶原级联反应中的起始丝氨酸蛋白酶会激活下游信号通路,最终产生黑色素。采用RACE技术,获得了家蚕前酚氧化酶原级联反应起始丝氨酸蛋白酶——血淋巴蛋白酶编码基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为BmHP14(GenBank登录号:JQ954757)。BmHP14 cDNA全长2 508 bp,开放阅读框为2 013 bp,编码670个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子质量71 kD,等电点5.09,N端17个氨基酸预测为信号肽序列。多重序列比对显示BmHP14与烟草天蛾HP14的相似度很高,达到57%;分子进化树中二者也聚为一支。RT-PCR分析表明,BmHP14在家蚕5龄第3天幼虫脂肪体、马氏管、精巢、卵巢、表皮、血细胞、头部均有表达,其中以脂肪体中的表达水平最高。以黑胸败血芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、球孢白僵菌注射侵染家蚕5龄第3天幼虫,Real-time PCR检测显示在受到病菌侵染后,幼虫脂肪体中的BmHP14表达上调。Westernblotting检测结果显示,BmHP14在家蚕体液中以前体和成熟体的形式共同存在。研究结果提示,BmHP14是家蚕前酚氧化酶原级联反应信号通路中的关键酶。     

超高压处理对作物的生物学效应研究进展

超高压技术作为一种新的诱变技术,在作物育种中得到越来越多的应用.超高压技术具有诱导产生的变异可遗传、后代易稳定、设备简单、成本低、对人和环境无污染等特点,是产生新基因源和创造新种质的有效方法之一.本文简要介绍了超高压技术、超高压处理对作物生长发育、农艺性状、生理生化特性、分子遗传学影响的最新研究进展,分析了存在的问题,并对超高压技术在作物育种上的应用前景进行了讨论和展望.     

拟南芥AtLURP1基因启动子在转基因烟草和水稻中的功能分析

克隆拟南芥LURP1基因上游1515 bp的启动子调控序列并命名为AtLURP1p,将其与GUS报告基因融合,构建成植物表达载体,分别遗传转化烟草和水稻,获得LURP1p::GUS的烟草和水稻转基因植株及其相应的T2代株系,分别研究LURP1p对水稻稻瘟病、辣椒青枯病侵染及SA、MeJA、ABA等几种重要的植物激素信号分子处理的应答.结果表明:(1)转基因烟草和水稻在几种激素,包括SA、MeJA、ABA的诱导处理下,GUS基因均可以被诱导表达;(2)转基因烟草在细菌性病菌青枯病的侵染下,GUS可被诱导表达并表现出持续表达的趋势,转基因水稻在稻瘟病的侵染下,其GUS基因也被诱导表达,并表现出后期持续上调的趋势.这些研究结果表明,拟南芥LURP1的应答逆境信号通路也存在于烟草和水稻等植物,该启动子可用作诱导型启动子广泛地应用于不同植物抗病基因工程.     

Durability of thermally modified Norway spruce and Scots pine in above-ground conditions

Abstract

One of the main objectives of thermal modification is to increase the biological durability of wood. In this study the fungal resistance of Norway spruce and Scots pine, thermally modified at 195°C and 210°C, was studied with a lap-joint field test. Untreated pine and spruce and pine impregnated with tributyl tin oxide (TBTO) and copper, chromium and arsenic (CCA) were selected as reference materials. The evaluations were carried out after 1, 2 and 9 years of exposure. After 1 and 2 years of exposure mainly discoloration was detected. Only the untreated pine was slightly affected by decay fungi. There were significant differences in the decay ratings of untreated and thermally modified wood materials after 9 years in the field. While the untreated wood materials were severely attacked by decay fungi or reached failure rating, only small areas of incipient decay were detected in the thermally modified samples. Thermally modified pine was slightly more decayed than thermally modified spruce. The only wood material without any signs of decay was CCA-treated pine, since some of the TBTO-treated pine samples were also moderately attacked by fungal decay. The results of the lap-joint test had a good correlation with mass losses in a laboratory test with brown-rot fungi.     

Effects of oral caffeine administration to sows with induced parturition on hypoxia in piglets

To counteract the effects of perinatal hypoxia in piglets, the oral administration of caffeine to sows with induced parturition was evaluated. On day 113 of gestation 9 sows received 27 mg/kg body weight (BW) of caffeine mixed with 200 g of standard diet. The same amount of feed without the addition of caffeine was administered to 9 control sows. Additionally, on day 113 of gestation, all sows were treated by two injections in the perianal area of 1 mg of alfaprostol (at 8:00 am and 14:00 pm), and on the morning of farrowing by 14 IU of oxytocin in the perianal area. Caffeine did not affect BW of piglets and size of litters; however piglets from treated sows showed a higher capacity to adapt to extra-uterine life. Particularly, they showed a greater thermoregulatory ability (P<0.001) and a higher percentage of viability score≥7 compared to piglets from control sows (92% vs. 75%, respectively; P=0.030). Caffeine furthermore reduced the frequency of high serum biopterin values (>80 nmol/L) in piglets born from treated sows (P=0.001). In conclusion, the caffeine orally administered to sows with induced parturition showed a protective effect on the consequences of neonatal hypoxia in tissue ischemia–reperfusion injury in piglets.