植物的诱导抗病性研究进展

诱导抗病性就是利用物理的、化学的以及生物的方法预先处理植株,改变植物对病害的反应,使原来感病反应产生局部或系统的抗性。在此,着重从植株诱导处理后发生的一系列生理变化、植物体内多种抗病防卫反应间的相互关系等方面对植物诱导抗病性作了概括性介绍。许多研究表明,植株经诱导物诱导后,体内产生PR蛋白,其过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁酶活性都大大增加,侵染点周围迅速木质化;在植物的诱导抗病进程中有两套基因先后起作用,即抗病基因和防卫反应基因,抗病基因产物与病菌无毒基因产物有识别作用,从而诱导防卫反应基因表达。     

促生菌CH1对黄瓜酚类物质代谢的影响及与抗猝倒病的关系

为研究植物生长促生细菌CH1(Brevibacillus brevis)诱导黄瓜对猝倒病的抗性的作用机制,采用生理生化的方法,测定了黄瓜根部酚类物质代谢中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性动态及阿魏酸、绿原酸、木质素、总酚、类黄酮含量变化。结果表明,病原菌(Pythium aphanidermatum)感染时,经CH1处理的植株根部PAL和PPO活性都明显高于未经CH1处理的,同时,经CH1处理的植株根部阿魏酸、绿原酸、木质素、总酚和类黄酮含量都高于未经CH1处理的。说明CH1是通过提高黄瓜植株体内酚类物质代谢的酶活性来激发酚类物质的积累,从而诱导黄瓜对猝倒病产生抗性。     

盾壳霉寄生核盘菌过程中胞壁降解酶的变化及对核盘菌的影响

通过测定盾壳霉寄生核盘菌过程中几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的变化及对核盘菌菌丝和菌组织的影响,结果表明:盾壳霉在寄生核盘菌初期其几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性均会明显的升高,具有明显的诱导酶特征,同时盾壳霉对照在没有核盘菌存在时,也能检测到几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,说明盾壳霉产生的几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶都有组成酶存在。核盘菌菌丝和菌核组织的大量消解都出现在这两种酶活性达到高峰之后,表明两种酶协同作用更有利于核盘菌菌丝和菌核组织的消解腐烂。     

Effects of maxadilan on proliferation of human induced pluripotent stem cells

AIM: To investigate the promoting effect of maxadilan, which specifically activate the type I receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), on the proliferation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs). METHODS: PACAP type I (PAC1) receptor in IPSCs was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. maxadilan at various concentrations was added to the medium of IPSCs as experimental groups. The medium in control group was without maxadilan treatment. The effect of maxadilan on theproliferation of IPSCs was measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The changes of cell cycle caused by maxadilan in IPSCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. The analysis of karyotype was carried out in IPSCs treated with maxadilan. Proteins and gene expression levels of both Nanog and OCT4 in IPSCs treated with maxadilan were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time-qPCR) and immunofluorescence. The gene expression levels of Nestin and PAX6 in both IPSCs treated with maxadilan and cells of embryonic body, which was birthed from IPSCs with maxadilan treatment, were detected by real-time qPCR. The ability of IPSCs treated with maxadilan differentiating into 3 embryonic layers was evaluated by analyzing the component of embryo using RT-PCR. RESULTS: The PAC1 receptor in IPSCs was identified by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Viability of the IPSCs with 100 nmol/L maxadilan treatment was increased by 16% compared with control group. The differences with statistical significance were found in the cell viability between 100 nmol/L maxadilan treatment group and control group (P<0.05). The average values of proliferation index (PI) in IPSCs with 100 nmol/L maxadilan treatment for 3 h, 6 h and 9 h were 47.23%, 59.70% and 55.67%,respectively, while that in control group was 37.00%. The differences with statistical significance were found in PI between 100 nmol/L maxadilan treatment for 3 h group, 6 h group, 9 h group and control group (P<0.05). Normal karyotype and unchanged pluripotent state in IPSCs treated with maxadilan were observed. Compared with control group, the gene expression levels of Nestin and PAX6 were not significantly different in both IPSCs and the cells of embryonic body birthed from IPSCs with maxadilan treatment. The ability of differentiation into 3 embryonic layers in IPSCs treated with 100 nmol/L maxadilan was found. CONCLUSION: PAC1 receptor presents in IPSCs. Maxadilan promotes the proliferation of IPSCs but does not affect their pluripotent state and karyotype.     

甜瓜霜霉病研究进展

霜霉病对葫芦科瓜类作物危害严重,在黄瓜上对其研究较多,在甜瓜和其他瓜类作物上的研究相对落后。从侵染循环、生理小种分化、抗性遗传、诱导抗性和防治措施等方面阐述了甜瓜霜霉病的研究现状,探讨了研究中存在的问题,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

Suppression of root-knot disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in tomato: importance of bacterial secondary metabolite, 2,4-diacetylpholoroglucinol

The antimicrobial metabolites 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and pyoluteorin contribute to the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 to control plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. P. fluorescens strain CHA0 and its derivatives CHA89 (antibiotics-deficient) and CHA0/pME3424 (antibiotics overproducing) were investigated as potential biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne javanica the root-knot nematode. Exposure of root-knot nematode to culture filtrates of P. fluorescens under in vitro conditions significantly reduced egg hatch and caused substantial mortality of M. javanica juveniles. Nutrient broth yeast extract (NBY) medium amended with 2% (w/v) glucose or 1 mM EDTA markedly repressed hatch inhibition activity of the strain CHA0 but not that of CHA0/pME3424 or CHA89. On the other hand, NBY medium amended with glucose significantly enhanced nematicidal activity of the strain CHA0/pME3424. Neither glucose nor EDTA had an influence on the nematicidal activity of the strains CHA0 and CHA89. Under in vitro conditions, antibiotic overproducing strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA0 expressed phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene but strain CHA89 did not. Expression of the reporter gene reflects actual production of DAPG. In general, CHA0/pME3424 expressed reporter gene to a greater extent compared to its wild type counterpart CHA0. Regardless of the bacterial strains, reporter gene expression was markedly enhanced when NBY medium was amended with glucose but EDTA had no such effect. A positive correlation between the degree of juvenile mortality and extent of phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene expression was also observed in vitro. Strain CHA0 produced zones of 4-6 mm on MM medium containing gelatin while strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA89 did not. When MM medium containing gelatin was amended with 2% glucose of 1 mM EDTA size of haloes produced by the strain CHA0 reduced to 2 mm. Under glasshouse conditions aqueous cell suspension of the strains CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 at various inoculum levels (10⁷, 10⁸ or 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹) significantly reduced root-knot development. CHA89 caused significant reduction in galling when applied at 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹. To better understand the mechanism of nematode suppression, split root bioassay was performed. Split-root experiments, that guarantee a spatial separation of inducing agent and a challenging pathogen, showed that soil treatment of one half of the root system with cell suspension of CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 resulted in a significant systemic induced resistance leading to reduction of M. javanica infection of tomato roots in the non-baterized nematode treated half. The results clearly suggest that the antibiotic 2,4-DAPG from P. fluorescens CHA0 act as the inducing agents of systemic resistance in tomato roots. Populations of CHA0 and its derivatives declined progressively by 10-fold between first and fourth harvests (0-21 days after inoculation). However, bacterial populations increased at final harvest (28 days after application).     

AM 菌根真菌诱导对提高玉米纹枯病抗性的初步研究

试验研究玉米接种摩西球囊霉后对纹枯病抗性反应的结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉能明显减轻玉米纹枯病的发病率和病情指数,减轻病害。接种摩西球囊霉还能促进玉米营养生长,但立枯丝核菌侵袭会降低菌根的侵染率,表明摩西球囊霉与立枯丝核菌间存在相互作用。     

氯钾离子共体诱导黄瓜对霜霉病抗性的研究

在黄瓜幼苗子叶期及第一真叶期用浓度为2g/kg、5g/kg、10g/kg、15g/kg、20g/kg的氯钾离子共体液进行诱导处理,可使黄瓜植株产生对霜霉病[Pseudoperonospor cubensis(Berk.et Curt.) Rostov.]的抗病性。在自然病原激发病害试验中,经2g/kg、5g/kg、10g/kg、15g/kg、20g/kg浓度的氯钾离子共体液诱导处理的植株比对照植株推迟发病3~6d,平均病株率分别比对照降低25.26%、26.63%、31.46%、39.12%和33.38%,平均病叶率分别比对照降低22.89%、28.08%、34.02%、38.36%和36.59%,平均病情指数分别比对照降低18.32%、28.97%、34.80%、35.89%和36.77%,差异达极显著水平,平均相对免疫效果分别为31.99%、43.75%、51.23%、53.43%和53.70%。在人工接种病原激发病害试验中,自诱导后第6d接种各处理浓度的平均病情指数分别比对照降低38.51%、44.86%、40.81%、43.00%和43.33%,且与对照的差异均达到极显著水平。植株产生对霜霉病诱导抗性的迟滞期为2~4d,潜育期为7~9d,诱导抗性保持的有效期达27d。氯钾离子共体液诱导处理的最佳浓度为10g/kg和15g/kg。