施肥对啤酒大麦品质的影响

本研究通过对黑龙江省四种主要类型土壤养分的分析 ,开展了啤酒大麦氮、磷、钾主要营养元素与品质关系的研究。提出了施肥对啤酒大麦品质调控的措施。通过氮肥分期施用和控氮、增磷、钾使啤酒大麦的品质达到优质标准 ,并建立了四种主要类型土壤的合理施肥模式     

极低温辐照大麦种子及热冲击后处理诱变效应的研究

本试验研究了极低温(-196℃)条件下γ射线辐照大麦干种子和极低温辐照结合热冲击后处理的诱变效应。结果表明:1.与常温条件下辐照相比,极低温条件下辐照及结合热击冲后处理均能显著减轻大麦M_1代的生理损伤和染色体畸变率,其半致死照射量分别提高13kR和30kR;2.M_2代的突变率随照射量升高而增加(r=0.9922~(··)),而与不同温度条件没有关系;3.在极低温条件下用50kR辐照及用60—65kR辐照结合热冲击后处理,与常温条件下用35—40kR辐照相比,没有加重M_1代的辐射损伤,而M_2代的突变率则显著增加,其诱变效率分别平均提高30％和48％。     

青稞HbTsi1的克隆及其序列特征与表达特性分析

为了探究DREB类基因在青稞干旱胁迫下的表达模式,通过RT-PCR技术从抗旱品种‘喜马拉雅10号’中克隆其中的一个基因全长cDNA,并利用Real Time PCR方法研究其在干旱胁迫、复水条件下的表达情况。结果表明:从抗旱材料中克隆一个1 237bp全长cDNA序列,命名为HbTsi1(登录号:KJ699390)。生物信息学分析表明,该序列开放阅读框长为837bp,编码278个氨基酸序列,由HbTsi1的ORF推测所编码的蛋白,预测分子质量为30.33ku,等电点(pI)为6.11。Prosite Scan分析结果表明,该基因含有AP2/ERF domain profile家族特征基序、1个Bipartite nuclear localization signal profile、6个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点、6个酪蛋白激酶Ⅱ磷酸化位点、5个N-豆蔻酰化位点、2个cAMP和cGMP依赖性的蛋白激酶磷酸化位点、2个氮糖基化位点。TMHMM预测该蛋白不含跨膜转移功能区。Signal IP3.0预测该蛋白没有信号肽,不属于分泌蛋白。PSORT亚细胞定位预测该基因所编码蛋白位于细胞质。推导的氨基酸序列同源比对分析结果表明,HbTsi1蛋白与短芒大麦的DREB蛋白具有较高的相似性。利用实时定量PCR方法研究HbTsi1在干旱胁迫条件下及复水后不同时间点的表达情况,发现HbTsi1在土壤绝对含水量为33.4%时表达量最高,随着土壤绝对含水量的下降而下调表达;当达到作物正常生长所需的土壤绝对含水量时又开始上调表达;进行干旱胁迫后(15.5%)基因表达量下降;复水后8h时恢复至最高表达水平。说明,HbTsi1基因可能是青稞抗旱节水的关键基因。     

土壤冻结对麦田水分运动的初步研究

观测研究了在初冬冻融过程中麦田土壤水分的变化。结果三次冻融过程中0～20cm耕层土壤不结冻的覆盖处理含水量平均减少2．4％，而冻结的自然状态土壤含水量平均增加0．5％，每次冻结过程土壤含水比不冻结处理平均相对增加2．9％，0～san的表层土壤每次冻结过程土壤含水比不冻结处理平均相对增加2．63％。因此，冬季灌溉不能仅根据干旱天数来决定，分析冬季麦田水分状况，需考虑冻结对水分运动的影响。     

大麦种质耐盐性鉴定及评价

为了鉴定及评价大麦的耐盐性,进行了Na Cl胁迫下不同大麦品种种子萌发及生长试验,结果表明:随着Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加,大麦种子的相对发芽率呈下降趋势,盐害指数随Na Cl胁迫浓度的增加而增大;不同大麦品种间种子萌发存在一定的差异,苏农6472、盐99218、C2118、美97-1338、Numar和海盐大麦表现出较强的耐盐性。通过盐土(土壤含盐量4‰)和脱盐土的对比试验,发现大麦品种在盐土条件下的穗数、穗粒数明显低于脱盐土,而盐土条件下的千粒重高于脱盐土;各品种在盐土下的株高明显低于脱盐土。在盐土条件下,海盐大麦、沪01-2946和苏农6472分别获得4 344、4 311和4 282.5kg·hm-2的籽粒产量,是供试品种中耐盐性最强的品种。本研究不仅为大麦的盐育种提供了理论依据,也为盐渍化地区的麦种植鉴定出了耐盐品种。     

格尔木青稞新品种引种试验及气候适宜性分析

[目的]筛选出适应格尔木地区的高产优质青稞品种。[方法]采用分区试验,对格尔木地区13个青稞品种(含对照)在当地的适应性、丰产性、抗逆性、抗病性等进行分析。[结果]柴青1号,藏青85,2004青21的产量、抗逆性表现比较优势,气候适宜性好,可以在格尔木地区推广。[结论]该研究选择出了适应格尔木地区的高产优质后备品种。     

Comparison of Anther Culture and Hordeum bulbosum Method for the Production of Doubled Haploid in Winter Barley I. Production of Green Plants

The relative response to two-major techniques of producing haploids in barley – anther culture and the Hordeum bulbosyum method – were compared using seven F₁ hybrids from a winter barley breeding programme. Both techniques were Applied to the same plants with the same number of replications. 358 viable green plants were obtained from 420 spikes ot donor plants used: 147 through anther culture and 211 through the H. bulbosum method. From the data analysis we found that the response to the two techniques was not significantly different, genotype effect and genotype × technique interaction were highly significant. The possibility of combining the two techniques in a doubled haploid production programme is discussed.     

Nematodes and fungal diseases in barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island

A total of 31 genera and 28 species of plant and soil nematodes were identified from 30 commercial fields each of barley and wheat on Prince Edward Island. Root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans, were the dominant plant parasites, and the only endoparasitic nematodes recovered from roots. Root-lesion nematodes were the dominant genus in soil, but stunt nematodes (Tylenchorhynchus spp., primarily T. dubius, and Merlinius spp.), and pin nematodes (Paratylenchus spp.) were also recovered frequently. Common root rot, barley net blotch, and wheat leaf blotch, incited by Cochliobolus sativus, Pyrenophora teres, and Leptosphaeria nodorum, respectively, were prevalent in barley and wheat. The nematicide aldicarb reduced the numbers of root-lesion nematodes in roots and soil in experimental plots during 1984–1987, except from soil in wheat and barley in 1984 and in barley in 1986. Aldicarb treatments also increased grain yields significantly by 10% and 19% in 1984 and 1987, respectively. Aldicarb treatments did not affect the incidence of common root rot, barley net blotch, or wheat leaf blotch disease. Correlation and regression analyses of data from experimental plots did not indicate any significant relationships between population levels of root-lesion nematodes in roots or soil and severity of root or foliar diseases in barley or wheat.     

Spring Barley Responses to Nitrogen Fertilizer and Ethephon in Regions with a Short Crop Growing Season

Aspects of intensive management practices such as high N fertilization inputs and plant growth regulator use could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out for four years (1987 to 1990) at Agronomy Research Centre of McGill University, Canada to evaluate the response of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger to N rates (0, 70 and 140 kg N ha⁻¹) and ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) growth regulator treatment. The application of higher than conventional N level (70 kg N ha⁻¹) did not increase barley yields under dry weather conditions and when the soil N resources were high. The high levels of N did increase the grain crude protein concentration by 2 to 10 g kg⁻¹, as did ethephon treatment. The feed quality of spring barley was improved. Ethephon treatment reduced grain yield due to a severe reduction in the number of grains spike⁻¹, and/or 1000-grain weight, although the number of spikes m⁻² was increased. Thus, the overall effect of ethephon treatment on yield was inconsistent and was influenced to a large extent by the prevailing weather conditions.     

An Evaluation of Hordeum vulgare L. ×Psathyrostachys fragilis (Boiss.) Nevski Crosses for Doubled Haploid Barley Production

Investigations were carried out to assess the suitability of the intergeneric cross Hordeum vulgare×Psathyrostachys fragilis for haploid barley production. H. vulgare cvs. ‘Emir’ and ‘Vada’ were each pollinated with P. fragilis P.I. 343192 and plants regenerated from embryos cultured on a modified B5 medium. Seed sets on ‘Vada’ were significantly lower than on ‘Emir’, and all the planes from ‘Vada’×P. fragile remained hybrid. Several of these flowered but there was little pairing between the parental chromosomes. Most of the plants from ‘Emir’×P. fragilis died, as seedlings but 3 plants developed into haploid barley. Because of the practical limitations of pollen availability from P. fragilis and the inconsistencies in haploid plant formation, it is unlikely that the cross will prove as valuable as that between H. vulgare×H. bulbosum for a doubled haploid barley programme.