皱纹盘鲍自污染及其对幼鲍生长及成活率的影响

在水温12～14℃条件下,进行了不同自污染程度对皱纹盘鲍HaliotisdiscushannaiIno幼鲍生长和成活率影响的生产规模试验。结果表明,随着换水频率或水交换量的减小,总氨(TNH+4-N)、活性磷(PO4-P)、亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)和化学耗氧量(CODMn)的含量增加(单位体重鲍所对应的平均污染速率依次为0 176、0 050、0 184、0 294mg/(g·d)),pH下降。自污染对成活率影响较小,对生长影响较大。总氨和pH是自污染水中影响幼鲍生长的主要因子。天然水(pH=8 11±0 06)条件下,总氨对幼鲍相对增长率的EC5(使相对增长率下降5%的总氨浓度)为0 18mg/L(非离子氨为0 004mg/L),EC10(使相对增长率下降10%的总氨浓度)为0 307mg/L(非离子氨为0 007mg/L);总氨在0 75mg/L(非离子氨0 02mg/L)以下时对幼鲍成活率无明显影响。pH的下降对幼鲍的相对增长率有影响,pH的频繁波动对幼鲍相对增重率影响明显。加入Na2CO3适当提高pH,对幼鲍生长有促进作用。作者建议用总氨作为监控鲍养殖闭路循环体系的水质指标,推荐总氨警戒线为0 30mg/L,危险线为0 8mg/L。pH为辅助指标。     

亲鲍来源不同的杂交鲍生长情况比较

为通过杂交育种解决南日鲍种质退化问题以促进鲍养殖效益,分别选取2012年10月份开展的南日鲍(♀)与皱纹盘鲍大连群体(♂)、盘鲍日本群体(♂)杂交所得的苗种以及南日鲍自交所得的3种苗种,于2013年3月份在海区水质情况良好的同一渔排吊笼养殖进行对比试验,试验分为3组,每组2 500个鲍苗,试验390d左右,观察它们的生长情况,测定鲍的体长、体重,分别统计每组鲍的数量。结果表明:分苗前,杂交鲍苗的生长速度、度夏养殖成活率均显著高于自交所得鲍苗(P0.05);而南日鲍(♀)×盘鲍(♂)杂交所得鲍苗的生长速度和养殖成活率略高于南日鲍(♀)×皱纹盘鲍(♂),但差异不显著(P0.05);当年秋季分苗后,养殖鲍的生长速度和养殖成活率依次为:南日鲍(♀)×盘鲍(♂)南日鲍(♀)×皱纹盘鲍(♂)南日鲍(♀)×南日鲍(♂),且3组之间差异显著(P0.05)。说明在鲍养殖生产中,采用杂交育种改良和优化鲍种质是切实可行的,可显著提高鲍的生长速度和养殖成活率。     

Characterisation of cell types in abalone (Haliotis spp.) tissues using immunohistochemical techniques

The increasing popularity of abalone as a seafood delicacy has led to the rapid development of abalone aquaculture worldwide. The commercial and economic importance of this industry has resulted in an increasing interest in the biology of this particular shellfish genus. In this study we focus on the identification of structural, functional and proliferative proteins in two species of abalone shellfish, Haliotis discus hannai and Haliotis tuberculata. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that react with proteins in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues were selected and applied to abalone tissues. Cross sections of whole animals were analysed using avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining protocols. In total, twenty-four antibodies were tested on shellfish tissues. Six antibodies out of twenty-four detected antigens in Haliotis spp. Cytokeratins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), laminin and vimentin were detected in abalone tissues. Positive immunohistochemical results were confirmed using western blot. The expression of these proteins aids in the characterisation of cell types present in abalone tissues, which contributes to a better understanding of the fundamental biology of this shellfish genus.     

Comparison of taste components in cooked meats of small abalone fed different diets

ABSTRACT: Differences in taste preference and the levels of extractive components and glycogen were compared between cooked meats of small abalone Haliotis diversicolor fed either gracilar (G-small abalone) or an artificial diet (A-small abalone). Using sensory tests, taste preference of cooked meats was significantly higher for A-small abalone than for G-small abalone. Results of clustering analysis and principal component analysis of chemical data also revealed that the two cooked meats differed from each other in terms of their measured constituent compositions irrespective of sampling periods. Compared with G-small abalone, A-small abalone meats were lower in taurine and arginine, but higher in glycine (Gly), glutamic acid (Glu), alanine, serine, proline, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and glycogen. It is concluded that the discrepancy in the levels of taste-active components of abalone, such as Gly, Glu, and AMP, is likely to be responsible for the differences in taste preference between G- and A-small abalone cooked meats.     

光照强度对九孔鲍幼虫及幼鲍生长存活的影响

在自然光周期下，分别在高温长光照和低温短光照的两个节季节，采用控制光照强度的方法进行对九孔鲍幼虫及幼鲍50d左右培育的小型试验。结果表明，光照强度对附着基上摄食微藻的幼虫及幼鲍生长和存活等有重要的影响。对幼虫及幼鲍最适宜的光照强度，在高温长光照下为700－1200lx，在低温短光照下为1300－2000lx。选用适宜的光照强度在高温长光照和低温短光照下先后进行了3次经量育苗试验，获得了与小型试验相同的结果。     

山东南部皱纹盘鲍工厂化养殖试验研究

报道了山东南部皱纹盘鲍（HaliotisdiscushannaiIno）工厂化养殖试验研究的结果。自1995年1月19日至1996年5月19日，经16个月的培育，将平均壳长21．4mm，平均体重0．99g的幼的培育成平均壳长61．9mm（最大壳长72．0mm），平均体重28.5g的成鲍，成活率为93．2％。0．3m2的波纹权的养殖密度：鲍壳长为20．0～30．0mm时，养殖密度200～250粒为好；40．0mm以前，养殖密度150粒为宜；60．0mm以前，养殖密度50～80粒为佳。饵料以人工配合饵料为好。在鲍壳长40．0mm以前，在投喂人工配合饵料的同时，加上适量的新鲜海藻可以达到同样的增长和增重的目的。全投喂海藻增长和增重都较慢。     

幼龄皱纹盘鲍消化道粘膜上皮的超微结构与组织化学

以透射电镜与组织学方法研究 4 5日龄皱纹盘鲍 (Haliotisdiscushannai,壳长 2 .3 0～ 2 .4 0mm ,壳宽1.80～ 2 .10mm)的消化道。结果表明 :①食道分为前、中、后 3段 ;中段分为食物通道和食道侧囊 ,食道侧囊的分泌细胞含大量的囊泡和分泌颗粒 ,呈强的蛋白酶和非特异性酯酶活性 ;食道前段、食物通道及食道后段粘膜上皮由纤毛细胞和粘液细胞组成。②嗉囔粘膜上皮只有 1种细胞 ,细胞游离缘具有长达 4 .0 μm的密集微绒毛。③胃粘膜上皮由纤毛细胞和微绒毛细胞组成。④肠和直肠粘膜上皮由 5种细胞组成 ,即纤毛细胞、微绒毛细胞、分泌细胞、颗粒状腺细胞和粘液细胞 ,分泌细胞基部有少量的分泌颗粒。⑤存在于消化道各部位的微绒毛细胞游离缘均具密集的微绒毛 ,游离端质膜呈碱性磷酸酶活性 ;食道和肠的粘液细胞分泌粘多糖 ;食道、胃和肠的纤毛细胞游离缘具纤毛。     

The effect of animal size on the ability of Haliotis midae L. to utilize selected dietary protein sources

The effect of animal size on the qualitative protein requirements of two size classes of Haliotis midae L. was assessed by feeding 12 semi‐purified single protein test diets (20% protein, 6% lipid) to juvenile and young adult animals (10–20‐ and 40–50‐mm initial shell length). The protein sources selected for the trial comprised four fishmeals, casein, spirulina, abalone viscera silage, brewery waste, torula yeast, carcass, sunflower and cotton seed meals. The results indicated that in terms of growth and feed efficiency, the fishmeals and spirulina were the most suitable candidates for use as primary protein sources in formulated feeds, and with the exceptions of the carcass meal and brewery waste, the remaining protein sources demonstrated promise as partial primary protein source replacements. Mean growth rates for the large and small abalone over the experimental period were 1.45 and 1.24 mm month^?1 respectively. With respect to the larger size class of abalone, the smaller abalone displayed significantly reduced growth (F = 64.7, P < 0.0001), feed conversion ratio (F = 16.6, P < 0.0001) and protein efficiency (F = 26.8, P < 0.0001). Two‐way analysis of variance revealed significant interactions between protein source, animal size and feed conversion ratio (F = 2.4, P < 0.01) and growth (F = 5.4, P < 0.05), thus indicating that qualitative differences exist between the dietary protein requirements of the juvenile and young adult abalone.     

Oogenesis and relevant changes in egg quality of abalone Haliotis discus hannai during a single spawning season

Oogenesis of abalone Haliotis discus hannai was examined histologically during a single spawning season using broodstock of various maturation conditions, which were controlled by effective accumulative temperature (EAT). The quality of eggs spawned was determined in relation to oogenesis. For histological examinations, three to five females were sacrificed at 300, 600, 850, 1050, and 1150 °C days EAT, without induction of artificial spawning. Other females were successfully induced to spawn at 700 °C days EAT and were reared following spawning. Three of these females were then sacrificed every 200 °C days EAT until 1300 °C days EAT. Gonad histology showed that two oocyte cohorts matured in H. discus hannai ovaries during a single spawning season. One mature oocyte cohort could be spawned in multiple times. The second oocyte cohort started developing after the first oocyte cohort had been spawned or reabsorbed, and became fully mature 400 °C days EAT after the first cohort was depleted. For egg quality measurements, three to five females were successfully induced to spawn at 850, 1050, 1150, 1900, and 2350 °C days EAT (Experiment 1). Three females were induced to spawn twice, at 700 and 1500 °C days EAT, resulting in two batches of eggs from the same individuals (Experiment 2). Total lipid and protein content of eggs were measured and were greater in eggs from the second cohort than in eggs from the first cohort. No carbohydrates were detected in eggs and there was no difference in cytoplasm volume between the two cohorts. In hatcheries producing H. discus hannai, it is important to increase post-larval starvation tolerance by increasing the quality of eggs, to yield higher and more consistent survival. The results of this study suggest that H. discus hannai hatcheries should use eggs from the second oocyte cohort, which are of higher quality, rather than eggs from the first oocyte cohort.     

杂色鲍健康苗种与患病苗种异养细菌致病毒力因子的比较研究

2002年以来,南方杂色鲍苗出现大规模死亡的问题,严重影响到南方鲍产业的发展。为寻找病因,于2004年自广东深圳下沙鲍鱼场培苗过程中变白掉板的杂色鲍苗以及官湖养殖场健康鲍苗各分离到19株和15株异养细菌,在此基础上研究了它们蛋白酶、淀粉酶、明胶酶、磷脂酶的产酶能力及溶血现象,并对它们的产酶能力及溶血能力进行了比较分析。结果表明,虽然来自下沙病鲍苗的菌株比来自官湖的健康鲍苗的溶血能力差;但它们大多数具有较强的分泌蛋白酶、明胶酶、淀粉酶、磷脂酶的能力。考虑到胞外酶是细菌的毒力因子之一,据此推测,下沙鲍鱼场鲍苗发生脱板死亡的原因可能与这些菌株能分泌胞外酶有关。