福建三沙湾养殖大黄鱼肠道菌群研究

为研究大黄鱼（Pseudosciaena crocea）肠道细菌的群落结构,提取大黄鱼肠道内容物和肠壁样品总DNA,构建细菌16SrDNA克隆文库．分别从两个文库中随机挑选阳性克隆子测序,序列同源性分析和系统进化分析结果表明：在大黄鱼肠道中存在梭杆菌纲（Fusobacteria）细菌、拟杆菌纲细菌（Bacteroidetes）和γ-变形细菌纲（γ-Proteobacteria）细菌．肠壁样品细菌多样性高于肠道内容物样品．梭杆菌属细菌在肠道内容物样品中占据优势地位,而肠壁样品则以拟杆菌属细菌为最优势细菌类群,其次是梭杆菌属细菌。两个样品中均只检测到少量γ-变形细菌纲细菌．     

烟台四十里湾浅海养殖生物及附着生物的化学组成、有机净生产量及其生态效应

对四十里湾养殖海区一些双壳贝类和藻类收获时的化学组成和有机净生产量进行了分析，不同双壳贝类软体有机碳含量差别不大，而N含量差异较大，栉孔扇贝软体N含量最高（12．36％），而牡蛎，毛坩相对较低（8％－9％），贻贝和菲律宾蛤仔贝壳N含量最高，为0．55％和0．56％，而栉孔扇贝壳则较低（0．1％），且贝壳，C，N，P在扇贝C，N，P总含量中所占的比例分别为6．2％，7．5％和6．9％，海带和石莼元素组成说明海区营养元素N的不足，海带的不同部位N含量差别很大，且在不同海区有较大变化，贻贝贝壳C，H，N和P含量在整个贻贝中占有相对大的比例，分别为30．4％，30．2％，31．8％，29．6％，菲律宾蛤仔，长牡蛎和中国蛤蜊等贝类贝壳中这些元素的相对含量也较高，布扇贝贝壳却较低，四十里湾海区每年因贝类和藻类的养殖，海区将至少减少850tN和78tP，其中贝壳的营养损失占据着相当比例，在海水交换受到一定限制，营养不很丰富，海区，养殖生物收获本身也会对海区的营养状况产生影响，根据贝壳N，P的含量，笔者认为在营养不很丰富的沿岸海区，贻贝，牡蛎最好不养或尽可能少养。     

象山港放流虾群亲虾的产卵回归和生物学性状

象山港放流对虾主群在浙江岛礁外侧海区越冬后,翌年春随着温度回升逐步向沿岸回归,回归路线大致与浙江海岸线垂直,主群出现在象山港口的六横南部及三门湾口部海域。少量亲虾在港内越冬。亲虾的交配率达99.7%,性腺发育正常,体长组成与黄渤海亲虾一致。为浙江近海自然繁殖提供了优质的亲虾基础。     

夏季杭州湾南岸慈溪滩涂泥螺种群空间分布格局

2004年7月对杭州湾南岸慈溪自然滩涂的泥螺种群进行了取样调查,分别采用Taylor幂法则、Iwao聚集格局回归分析法及Morisita指数公式计算和统计分析。结果表明:杭州湾南岸7个样地间泥螺种群密度差异极显著,种群空间格局在局域斑块尺度属于聚集型负二项分布。造成样地间密度差异的主要原因是人为干扰,泥螺种群的空间分布格局主要与滩涂上积水区域呈斑块状分布有关。     

乳山湾底质中硫化物和氧化-还原电位的分布与变化

2004年6、8和10月分别对乳山湾东流区共进行了3个航次的调查。调查结果表明,乳山湾东流区属于弱还原环境,表层沉积物中硫化物的含量基本呈北侧高、南侧低的趋势,而氧化-还原电位则呈北侧低、南侧高变化趋势。硫化物的垂直分布基本表现为随深度的增加而增加,氧化-还原电位的垂直分布基本表现为随深度的增加而降低。但是,由于受到贝类养殖的影响,出现了较多的例外情况。硫化物含量和氧化-还原电位随季节的变动较明显,硫化物含量8月最高,6月次之,10月最低;而氧化-还原电位则10月最高,6月次之,8月最低。贝类养殖对沉积环境中硫化物与氧化-还原电位有明显影响,养殖区硫化物的含量高于非养殖区,而氧化-还原电位则低于非养殖区。     

Distribution and spawning dynamics of capelin (Mallotus villosus) in Glacier Bay, Alaska: a cold water refugium

Pacific capelin (Mallotus villosus) populations declined dramatically in the Northeastern Pacific following ocean warming after the regime shift of 1977, but little is known about the cause of the decline or the functional relationships between capelin and their environment. We assessed the distribution and abundance of spawning, non‐spawning adult and larval capelin in Glacier Bay, an estuarine fjord system in southeastern Alaska. We used principal components analysis to analyze midwater trawl and beach seine data collected between 1999 and 2004 with respect to oceanographic data and other measures of physical habitat including proximity to tidewater glaciers and potential spawning habitat. Both spawning and non‐spawning adult Pacific capelin were more likely to occur in areas closest to tidewater glaciers, and those areas were distinguished by lower temperature, higher turbidity, higher dissolved oxygen and lower chlorophyll a levels when compared with other areas of the bay. The distribution of larval Pacific capelin was not sensitive to glacial influence. Pre‐spawning females collected farther from tidewater glaciers were at a lower maturity state than those sampled closer to tidewater glaciers, and the geographic variation in the onset of spawning is likely the result of differences in the marine habitat among sub‐areas of Glacier Bay. Proximity to cold water in Glacier Bay may have provided a refuge for capelin during the recent warm years in the Gulf of Alaska.     

乳山湾沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)的分布变化特征

2005年12月和2006年3、6、9月,乳山湾滩涂底质环境调查中的16个站点的酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)含量的测定分析结果表明,表层沉积物中AVS具有明显的时、空变化。水平变化范围分别为:春季16·46~230·62mg/kg(干重,下同)、夏季33·65~568·48mg/kg、秋季23·49~350·69mg/kg、冬季15·77~190·96mg/kg,平均值分别为92·82、208·65、177·27和82·87mg/kg。对养殖区与非养殖区AVS含量进行比较,结果表明,养殖区明显高于非养殖区。在深度为0~20cm之间,AVS含量基本是随着深度的增加而增加。本文还就近几年乳山湾东流区表层底质中的AVS含量作了年际比较分析,结果表明,AVS含量年际变化不明显。     

Waterfowl-habitat associations during winter in an urban North Atlantic estuary

Coastal habitats near urban centres in North Atlantic estuaries often support substantial numbers of wintering waterfowl, but little is known of the effects of landscape setting and urbanisation on habitat use. We conducted surveys of waterfowl at 32 wintering sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, to identify characteristics that may influence habitat use. Sites were chosen along a gradient of urbanisation and reflected the dominant habitat types used by waterfowl in the Bay. Mean waterfowl abundance was 206.7 ± 209.5 birds per site, and sites in the inner part of the estuary had higher overall waterfowl abundances (r² = 0.40, p = 0.021). Species richness ranged from 3.2 to 13.0 and decreased with increasing hunting activity (r² = 0.36, p = 0.040). Hunting activity and habitat characteristics (e.g., latitude, shoreline configuration, prey density) explained 13-27% of the variation in waterfowl abundance and species richness among sites, but landscape characteristics (e.g., surrounding residential development, vegetated land, or wetland surrounding the sites and the extent of wetland edge) explained an additional 1-26%. The landscape characteristics extent of adjacent residential development and vegetated upland were the most common variables entering into the models; most species were more abundant at sites with more adjacent vegetated upland and less adjacent residential development. Our results suggest that landscape setting may be influencing the distribution of wintering waterfowl, and should be considered when developing strategies for the conservation for these species in urban North Atlantic estuaries.     

Testing the utility of abiotic surrogates for marine habitat mapping at scales relevant to management

Habitat mapping at the scale at which marine protected areas are designed and managed is essential for assessment of, and design for, representation. Most habitat mapping studies rely solely or in part on abiotic surrogates for patterns of biodiversity. The utility of abiotic variables in predicting biological distributions at the local scale (10 s of km) was tested in a remote video survey of macrobenthos in Moreton Bay, Australia. Habitat classifications of the same set of 41 sites based on 6 abiotic variables and abundances of 89 taxa and bioturbation indicators were compared using correlation, regression and ordination analyses. The concepts of false homogeneity (abiotically similar but biologically distinct) and false heterogeneity (abiotically distinct but biologically similar) were defined to describe types of errors associated with using abiotic surrogates to construct habitat maps, and quantified using two separate methods. Overall, the best prediction by abiotic surrogates explained less than 30% of the pattern of biological similarity. Errors of false homogeneity were between 20% and 62%, depending on the methods of estimation. Predictive capability of abiotic surrogates at the taxon level was poor, with only 6% of taxon/surrogate correlations significant. Abiotic variables did not discriminate sufficiently between different soft bottom communities to be a reliable basis for mapping. These results have implications for the widespread use of abiotic surrogates in marine habitat mapping to plan for, or assess, representation in marine protected areas. Little confidence can be placed in marine habitat classifications based solely or largely on abiotic surrogates without calibration by rigorous biological surveys at the appropriate scale. Therefore, it is questionable whether marine protected areas designed on this basis can have measurable benefits for conservation.     

唐岛湾网箱养殖对水环境的影响

2004-08～2005-05分4个航次对唐岛湾网箱养殖区的水环境进行了现场调查，分析讨论了网箱养殖对水环境的影响。结果表明，唐岛湾网箱养殖对海水的水温、盐度、透明度、DO、pH的影响不显著，对叶绿素a浓度的影响显著（t-test，P〈0.05）。养殖区CODMn虽然也显著高于对照点，但主要受陆源污染的影响，与网箱养殖关系不大。养殖区和对照点海水中无机氮的主要形态均以NO^3--N为主，其次是NH^4＋-N，NO2^--N最少，DIN、3种形态无机氮、无机磷的季节变化趋势也比较一致。除了NH^4＋-N外，唐岛湾网箱养殖对溶解态无机氮磷营养盐（NO3^--N、NO2^--N、DIN、PO4^3--P）的影响并不显著（t-test，P〉0.05），但养殖区内的含量比对照点有了一定程度的升高。以DIN和PO4^3--P作为N、P阈值来分析，目前唐岛湾网箱养殖区的水质未超出二类水质标准。唐岛湾网箱养殖区海水各季节的营养指数E值均小于1，表明养殖区的水质状况尚未达到富营养化水平。