西花蓟马取食、机械损伤和外源物质诱导对番茄植株次生物质及西花蓟马解毒酶的影响

为阐明寄主植物番茄受害虫西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis取食、机械损伤及外源物质茉莉酸和水杨酸甲酯诱导后次生物质含量的变化,以及害虫如何通过调整体内解毒酶活性适应植物的防御反应,采用生化分析法测定了各诱导处理下次生物质黄酮、总酚和单宁含量及西花蓟马体内解毒酶多功能氧化酶(MFO)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性的变化。结果表明:番茄叶片在各诱导处理下黄酮含量在36 h和48 h时均显著高于对照,相应时间段茉莉酸处理与水杨酸甲酯处理的黄酮含量升高最显著,分别达32.07 mg/g和31.76 mg/g;各诱导处理后24 h和36 h时,单宁和总酚含量均有不同程度下降,但总酚含量在48 h时显著升高,其中虫害处理增加最显著,达34.51 mg/g。取食各种诱导处理番茄植株6 h时,西花蓟马体内MFO活性均升高,AchE活性均受到抑制;取食除机械损伤外的其它诱导处理叶片6 h后,西花蓟马体内GSTs活性均被抑制,CarE活性均显著上升,其中取食水杨酸甲酯处理叶片的西花蓟马体内GSTs活性下降幅度最大,而CarE活性升高最显著,分别为3 882.35 U/mg和106.33 U/mg。表明各诱导处理不仅可以使番茄次生物质含量发生变化,诱导植株产生防御反应,也会使西花蓟马改变解毒酶的活性以适应寄主植物的诱导抗性,即寄主植物和害虫通过防御与反防御相互适应。     

Integrated pest management in western flower thrips: past,present and future

Western flower thrips (WFT) is one of the most economically important pest insects of many crops worldwide. Recent EU legislation has caused a dramatic shift in pest management strategies, pushing for tactics that are less reliable on chemicals. The development of alternative strategies is therefore an issue of increasing urgency. This paper reviews the main control tactics in integrated pest management (IPM) of WFT, with the focus on biological control and host plant resistance as areas of major progress. Knowledge gaps are identified and innovative approaches emphasised, highlighting the advances in ‘omics’ technologies. Successful programmes are most likely generated when preventive and therapeutic strategies with mutually beneficial, cost‐effective and environmentally sound foundations are incorporated. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

宁夏辣椒花期西花蓟马的空间分布特征研究

【目的】研究西花蓟马在宁夏设施蔬菜辣椒花期的空间分布特征,为进一步了解该虫的发生、危害、扩散行为及探讨西花蓟马的监测、诱杀和综合防治奠定基础。【方法】采用空间分布型适合度卡方拟合、聚集度指标检验等方法,对宁夏设施蔬菜辣椒花期西花蓟马的空间分布特征进行统计分析。【结果】频次分布统计结果表明,西花蓟马在宁夏设施蔬菜辣椒花期的分布数量为0~7头/朵,其中0和1头/朵的频次较高,随着虫口密度的增加,频次明显递减。空间分布型适合度卡方拟合结果表明,西花蓟马在设施蔬菜辣椒花期的空间分布符合奈曼分布和负二项分布,进一步分析表明更符合奈曼分布。聚集度指标检验结果表明,西花蓟马在设施蔬菜辣椒花期属于聚集分布,聚集度较大,聚集原因是环境异质性所致。【结论】明确了西花蓟马在宁夏设施蔬菜辣椒花期的空间分布特征,为研发更有效的西花蓟马防控技术提供了理论依据。     

蓟马在韭菜上的发生规律和防治

蓟马在韭菜上发生十分严重,影响了韭菜的产量和品质。本文鉴定了韭菜上蓟马的种类,研究了蓟马在韭菜田间的危害症状、发生规律以及防治方法。试验结果表明韭菜上的蓟马形态特征为西花蓟马,ITS分子鉴定结果显示扩增片段520bp,与西花蓟马的碱基序列相似度达到99.81%。西花蓟马在韭菜田间离地80cm高度的空间分布较集中;晴天时,在下午15:00～17:00时间段上西花蓟马出现频率较高;雨水对西花蓟马的致死作用明显,致死率为29.30%;田间防治试验筛选出20%呋虫胺可溶性粒剂和40%啶虫脒粒剂对田间韭菜西花蓟马的防治效果较好,其中20%呋虫胺可溶性粒剂1500倍液的喷雾防治效果最佳,达92.56%。     

花生花蓟马空间分布型及抽样技术

花蓟马成虫在5块被调查花生田中的分布都是遵循负二项分布的聚集分布,其中Iwao的m*-m回归模型为m*=-0.3859+1.4568m,Taylor幂模型为lg(s2)=0.004220+1.6033lg(m)。对各聚集度指标的分析结果显示:花生花蓟马成虫彼此之间互相排斥,分布的基本成分是个体群,个体群为聚集分布,且在任何密度下都是聚集的,聚集强度随着密度的升高而增强。花生花蓟马成虫呈聚集分布是由于该虫本身的习性和环境因素共同造成的结果。花蓟马虫口密度调查的最适理论抽样数公式为n=t2/D2(0.6141/m+0.4568)。     

花蓟马对11种挥发性化合物的室内趋性

为明确不同信息化合物对花蓟马的行为趋性,采用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定了花蓟马雌成虫对11种挥发性化合物及其不同浓度(V/V)的行为反应。结果表明：花蓟马对10-6烟酸乙酯、水杨醛、芳樟醇和10-4苯甲醛、月桂烯以及10-2月桂烯都具有极显著的趋向反应;对10-6橙花醇和10-4邻茴香醛也具有显著的趋向反应;相反,10-6 β-香茅醇则对花蓟马雌成虫具有显著的驱避反应。不同浓度同一化合物对花蓟马雌成虫的吸引作用也存在显著差异。试验结果可为进一步开发利用信息化合物有效监测和防治花蓟马提供科学依据。     

防治西花蓟马的球孢白僵菌菌株筛选及耐热性测定

采用浸虫法分别测定了191株不同地理来源的球孢白僵菌对西花蓟马初羽成虫的毒力,筛选出61株高毒力的菌株,其LT₅₀均小于4.1 d;对该61株球孢白僵菌用48 ℃热胁迫的方法进行耐热性的测定,将分生孢子丧失50%活力所需的时间,定义为LT₅₀,作为耐热性的指标。结果表明,所测61株球孢白僵菌经受热胁迫后LT₅₀平均值为34.28 min(6.94～53.67 min),其中有10株菌LT₅₀大于45 min,作为耐热性较强的菌株,将该10株菌继代培养5代,继续进行耐热性测定,发现其中6株菌在继代培养过程中耐热性出现了退化,有4株菌耐热性保持稳定,分别为菌株XJWLMQ-49、XJWLMQ-32、JLGZL-14和SCWJ-9,因此,该4株菌具有开发和应用潜力。     

西花蓟马天敌种类及主要种类的控害潜能

西花蓟马[Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)]是国际上备受关注的检疫性有害生物,近年来该虫分布范围不断扩大,对农作物、园林园艺植物的危害日趋加重,发挥天敌对该虫的自然控制作用已引起人们广泛重视。本文根据国内外研究报道,总结和记述了西花蓟马的天敌种类及其主要种类对西花蓟马的控制作用。西花蓟马的天敌约有60种,其中天敌昆虫50种,昆虫病原线虫5种,虫生真菌5种。同时,对主要天敌种类小花蝽、昆虫病原线虫和虫生真菌对西花蓟马的捕食寄生及控制潜力进行了阐述。     

Thrips: Pests of Concern to China and the United States

Thrips are among the most important agricultural pests globally because of the damage inflicted by their oviposition, feeding, and ability to transmit plant viruses. Because of their invasiveness, a number of pest species are common to both China and the United States and present significant challenges to growers of a wide range of crops in both countries. Among the pest thfips common to both countries are four of the major global thrips pests, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Thrips palmi Karny, and Thrips tabaci Lindeman. This review addresses characteristics that enable thrips to be such damaging pests and how biological attributes of thrips create challenges for their management. Despite these challenges, a number of successful management tactics have been developed for various cropping systems. We discuss some of these tactics that have been developed, including the use of cultural controls, biological controls, and judicious use of insecticides that do not disrupt overall pest management programs. The exchange of this type of information will help to facilitate management of pest thrips, especially in regions where species have recently invaded. A prime example is F. occidentalis, the western flower thrips, which is native to the United States, but has recently invaded China. Therefore, management tactics developed in the United States can be adapted to China. Because further success in management of thrips requires a thorough understanding of thrips ecology, we discuss areas of future research and emphasize the importance of collaboration among different countries to enhance our overall understanding of the biology and ecology of thrips and to improve management programs for these widespread pests.