施肥对丹参产量及丹参根主要有效成份含量的影响

研究了苏北中药材种植基地常用有机肥及化肥对丹参产量和丹参根主要有效成份丹参酮ⅡA、丹参酮Ⅰ、隐丹参酮、丹酚酸B含量的影响。结果表明,施肥可以提高丹参根产量,影响三种丹参酮及丹酚酸B的含量。有机肥对丹参产量和丹参酮、丹酚酸B含量的影响优于化肥,三种有机肥常规施肥水平处理均优于相对应的两倍施用量处理;三种有机肥中猪粪较菜籽饼和鸡粪更有利于丹参酮和丹酚酸B的累积。根膨大期的丹参根中三种丹参酮、丹酚酸B的含量高于成熟期。为了提高丹参产量,稳定其有效成分含量,建议大田生产中合理施用有机肥,适度密植,适当提早采收期。     

Influence of long-term fertilization with farmyard manure on soil organic matter: Characteristics of particle-size fractions

Summary The influence of more than 100 years of fertilization with farmyard manure on soil organic matter in comparison to unfertilized soil was studied in particle-size fractions using elemental (C and N) analyses and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry. Distinct differences in C and N concentrations and distribution and in the quality of organic matter between the size fractions and the fertilization treatments were observed. Clay-associated C and N were relatively higher in the unfertilized treatment, whereas the application of farmyard manure preferentially increased soil organic matter associated with the fine and medium silt fractions. Pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry of soil fractions <20 m showed increasing values for lignin monomers and dimers and fatty acids with larger equivalent diameters, whereas the proportion of N compounds, mono- and polysaccharides and phenolics decreased in the larger size fractions. Sand fractions were particularly rich in lignin fragments, mono- and polysaccharides, and alkanes/alkenes. These relationships seemed to be independent of management practices. In the same size fractions of the different treatments, however, a higher relative abundance of N-compounds, mono- and polysaccharides, phenolics, lignin monomers, and alkanes/alkenes was observed in the unfertilized variant. Lignin dimers and fatty acids were more abundant in the farmyard manure treatment. Both trends together imply that soil enrichment in organic matter due to the application of farmyard manure largely reflects an increase in lignin building blocks and partly reflects an increase in lipids such as fatty acids in the silt fractions. Therefore these constituents are of particular importance in assessing the positive effects of farmyard manure on soil fertility.     

不同施肥措施对白土腐殖质组成的影响

以白土稻区4年大田定位试验为基础,设置2种翻耕深度(10 cm、20 cm,分别标记为T10、T20)和4种施肥措施(单施化肥、化肥+畜禽粪肥、化肥+秸秆还田、化肥+绿肥,分别标记为F、F+M、F+S、F+G),通过腐殖质组成修改法分别提取表层土壤水溶性物质、胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素,研究不同施肥措施对白土腐殖质各组分碳含量的影响。结果表明:单施化肥措施下,翻耕20 cm处理(T20+F)土壤总有机碳和腐殖质各组分碳含量均低于翻耕10 cm处理(T10+F),但差异未达显著水平。在翻耕20 cm的基础上增施有机肥能显著提高土壤总有机碳和腐殖质各组分碳含量,增施畜禽粪(T20+F+M)、秸秆还田(T20+F+S)和增施绿肥(T20+F+G)3处理的土壤总有机碳、胡敏酸、富里酸和水溶性物质碳含量较T20+F处理分别提高14.57%~30.64%、10.36%~30.57%、0.74%~12.31%和14.25%~26.80%。增施有机肥显著提高胡敏素碳含量,T20+F+M、T20+F+S和T20+F+G处理较T20+F处理提高18.87%~35.78%。4年不同翻耕与施肥措施对白土腐殖质性质未产生显著影响。增施有机肥能一定程度上提高土壤PQ值、胡富比、E4/E6值和色调系数。相关性分析表明,胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸碳含量与总有机碳含量间均存在显著或极显著正相关,与水溶性物质碳含量间无明显相关性。     

辽宁省水稻生产中硅肥施用技术的研究 Ⅰ钢渣硅肥的施用技术

探讨了田间条件下钢渣硅肥的用量和施用方法。结果表明:供试土壤的水浸态硅含量低于85mgkg-1,施用钢渣硅肥能够显著提高水稻的产量;依据产量和肥料用量关系的效应方程,除康平地区的碱性水稻土外,供试的其它地区比较合理的钢渣施用量为1500kghm-2;钢渣硅肥可明显提高水稻植株体内SiO2含量,根据水稻植株体内SiO2含量随钢渣硅肥施入量的变化情况,沈阳市康平县最佳的施入量也应为1500kghm-2,钢渣基施更有利于水稻对SiO2吸收和利用;钢渣硅肥对土壤pH值影响不大,钢渣硅肥具有一定的后效。     

不同氮磷钾肥配施对烤烟质体色素及其降解产物含量的影响

研究了不同氮磷钾配施对烤烟质体色素及其降解产物含量的影响,2008年在河南省洛宁县王岭现代烟草示范基地,以中烟100为材料,研究了氮、磷、钾肥配施对烤烟质体色素及其降解产物含量的影响.结果表明:不施肥处理烟叶质体色素及其降解产物含量都较低;氮、磷、钾任意两种肥料配施均可以不同程度提高烤烟质体色素及其降解产物的含量;氮磷...     

棉田高效种植施肥模式研究

用微区试验方法,研究了不同施肥模式对棉花+辣椒—包菜三熟种植模式的作物产量及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:在总施肥量基本一致的条件下,根据作物的生长发育规律分期施肥比一次性作为基肥施入能获得更高产量,同时可提高土壤肥力。     

稻米胚乳直链淀粉含量的基因剂量效应

用不同直链淀粉含量的品种杂交获得的 F_1、F_2及亲本为材料,测定了单个胚乳的直链淀粉含量,以研究稻米胚乳直链淀粉含量的遗传。结果表明,蜡质位点的遗传由1个主效基因控制,F_1和 F_2的直链淀粉含量存在 Wx 基因剂量效应,有2个 Wx 等位基因对直链淀粉合成起着不同的作用,分离世代出现超亲个体,说明还存在修饰基因作用。     

Fertilization Management for Improving Quality Properties of Spring Wheat in Northeast China

Fertilization management to improve quality properties of spring wheat cultivars has received little research attention in Northeast China. In this study, the effects of different fertilization management regimes on the quality properties of spring wheat cultivar New Kehan 9 (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated for two years. The results showed that fertilization consistently increased wheat yield, and the highest yield was obtained with addition of N, P and NPK fertilizers. The NPK treatment resulted in 50% more yield than the unfertilized plot. The average increases in protein content from NPK and NP at seeding + N at anthesis over no fertilization and NP fertilizers at seeding were 2.7% and 0.90% respectively. The highest protein yields were achieved in NPK and NPK + N treatments, and the lowest protein yield was observed in the no fertilizer treatment due to both low protein content and grain yield. Fertilization increased gliadins content, but decreased glutenins content, thus the gliadins/glutenins ratios were higher in the fertilization treatments. The most obvious effect of fertilization on kernel quality was the significant increase of hardness percentage. Although the dough rheological properties were not strongly changed by fertilization, dry gluten and wet gluten were significantly increased, and the highest bread volume and bread score were found in the NPK treatment in both years. The application of 3% urea at anthesis, or applying 45 kg ha-1 of potassium sulphate at seeding, with urea and diammonium phosphate as basal applications, significantly increased protein yield and improved quality properties of this wheat cultivar.     

不同施肥处理对红车轴草生长发育的影响

[目的]探讨不同肥料配施对红车轴草生长发育的影响。[方法]以从美国引进的红车轴草Agivasion为供试品种,在大田条件下设置不施肥、单施N、NP配施和NPK配施4个处理,研究不同施肥处理对红车轴草生长发育的影响。[结果]施肥促进了红车轴草的生长发育,如：株高增加,尤以NP配施的促进作用最大;促发分枝,以NPK配施的促进效应最好;促进根颈增粗,以NP配施、NPK配施的效应较好。施肥在0.01水平上极显著促进红车轴草的茎、叶干物质积累和单株产量增长,促进效应以NPK配施〉NP配施≈单施N〉〉CK,各施肥处理之间单株产量差异不显著。[结论]合理施肥可促进红车轴草的生长发育。