农作系统研究方法在持续农作系统发展研究中的应用

农作系统方法可划分为农作系统分析和农作系统研究。在发展中国家农作系统方法已被广泛地应用于改善农场技术和提高土地生产率。在西方国家已将这一方法应用于研究和发展持续农作系统。本文将简要介绍农作系统方法以及在研究和发展持续农作系统中的应用，并对研究结果进行综述。     

The potential for soil carbon sequestration in three tropical dryland farming systems of Africa and Latin America: A modelling approach

Historically, agriculturally induced CO₂ release from soils has contributed to rising levels in the atmosphere. However, by using appropriate management, soils can be turned into carbon sinks. Many of the dryland regions of the world are characterised by degraded soils, a high incidence of poverty and a low capacity to invest in agriculture. Two well-proven soil organic matter models (CENTURY 4.0 and RothC-26 3) were used two explore the effects of modifying agricultural practices to increase soil carbon stocks. The changes to land management were chosen to avoid any significant increase in energy input whilst using technologies that would be available without radically altering the current agricultural methodology. Case studies were selected from dryland farming systems in Nigeria, Sudan and Argentina. Modelling showed that it would be possible to make alterations within the structure of the current farming systems to convert these soils from carbon sources to net sinks. Annual rates of carbon sequestration in the range 0.08–0.17 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ averaged over the next 50 years could be obtained. The most effective practices were those that maximised the input of organic matter, particularly farmyard manure (up to 0.09 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), maintaining trees (up to 0.15 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) and adopting zero tillage (up to 0.04 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). Verification of these predictions will require experimental data collected from field studies.     

Microbiological processes in soil organic phosphorus transformations in conventional and biological cropping systems

We studied microbiological processes in organic P transformations in soils cultivated with conventional and biological farming systems during the 13th and 14th year of different cropping systems. The treatments included control, biodynamic, bioorganic, and conventional plots and a mineral fertilization treatment. Different P fractions were investigated using a sequential fractionation method. Labile organic P, extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃, was not affected by the farming systems. However, residual organic P remaining in the soil at the end of the sequential fractionation procedure showed that the biodynamic treatment, in particular, led to a modification of the composition of organic P. Labile organic P, organic P extractable in 0.1 M NaOH, and total residual P all showed temporal fluctuations. As total residual P consists of more than 70% organic P, it can be assumed that residual organic P contributed to these variations. This result indicates that chemically resistant organic P participates in short-term accumulation and mineralization processes. All biological soil parameters tested in this study showed significant temporal fluctuations, mainly attributed to differences in climatic conditions between years, but possibly also related to the growth cycle of the crop. The higher values of the biological soil parameters in the biodynamic and bioorganic treatments were explained by the greater importance of manure and the different plant protection strategies. The level of phosphatase activity and mineralization of organic C indicated a higher turnover of organic substrates, and thus of organic P, in the biodynamic and bioorganic treatments. Biological parameters were shown to be critical for assessing the significance of organic P in the soil P turnover.     

三峡库区农村宅基地复垦耕地地力评价*--以重庆市涪陵区为例

农村宅基地复垦后补充的耕地应兼顾数量和质量,对其进行耕地地力评价可以为全面掌握复垦后耕地地力情况,为复垦耕地的后续培肥、利用及管理提供依据。本文以三峡库区的涪陵区为研究对象,随机采集665个宅基地复垦片块的土壤样品,选取16项参评指标,运用层次分析法、模糊数学法并结合GIS地统计学空间分析功能,综合评价了宅基地复垦后的耕地地力水平及空间分布。结果表明:耕地地力平均等级为3.03等,处于中等水平;3等地最多,占总样本数的52.18%;其次为4等地和2等地,1等地和5等地分布最少。从空间分布来看,由于区域内存在地形地势、自然条件、土壤类型的差异,样点乡镇内部各等级耕地均有分布;沿江、坪上、后山区的平均耕地等别为2.82等、3.15等和3.19等,耕地地力基本沿地形地势、海拔高度的增高呈沿江、坪上、后山区域依次递减的趋势。在提升耕地地力上沿江区应着重改善耕地的灌排和路沟条件;坪上区应注重调整土壤的p H和提高有效磷含量;后山区需增加耕层厚度,提高宅基地拆除物的利用,减少土壤中砾石含量。     

三峡水库消落区土壤磷素释放与富营养化

三峡工程建成后,其独特的水库调度方式将在库周形成垂直距离为30m的消落区,淹没陆地面积632km2。消落区土壤受库水周期性的淹没、出露、冲刷、淤积,加上耕作和施肥影响,将形成一个脆弱生态系统。湖库消落区土壤是污染物的源或汇。消落区土壤磷素释放对水体富营养化有重要影响。研究消落区土壤磷负荷及其释放机制,可以为水库磷负荷提供基础数据,给消落区土地利用方式提供决策依据。淹水土壤磷素释放是与多个因子相关的复杂过程。本文分析了消落区土壤磷释放对富营养化的潜在影响,综述了土壤磷素释放的影响因素:磷形态、有机质、铁、铝、pH、温度和微生物。重点讨论了土壤在淹水—干燥—淹水条件下土壤性质变化和土壤磷素释放机制。一般认为,土壤淹水后,土壤氧化还原电位降低,提高了磷的有效性,促进了磷释放。干—湿交替比连续淹水释放磷是增加或减少,目前还存在争论。     

Effects of conventional tillage on biochemical properties of soils

Modification of soil environment by different farming practices can significantly affect crop growth. Tillage causes soil disturbance, altering the vertical distribution of soil organic matter and plant nutrient supplies in the soil surface, and it may affect the enzyme activity and microbial biomass which are responsible for transformation and cycling of organic matter and plant nutrients. In this study, the influence of three conventional tillage systems (shallow plowing, deep plowing and scarification) at different depths on the distribution and activity of enzymes, microbial biomass and nucleic acids in a cropped soil was investigated. Analysis of variance for depth and tillage showed the influence of the different tillage practices on the activity of some enzymes and on the nucleic acids. Glucosidase, galactosidase, nitrate reductase and dehydrogenase activity were significantly affected by the three tillage modalities. Activity in the upper layer (0–20 cm) was higher in the plots tilled by shallow plowing and scarification than in those tilled by deep plowing. Positive relationships were observed between the soil enzymes themselves, with the exception of urease and pyrophosphatase activity. Moreover, significant correlations were found between DNA and β-galactosidase, and between RNA and β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase. α-Glucosidase, β-galactosidase, alkaline phosphatase and phosphodiesterase were highly correlated with biomass C determined by the fumigation-extraction method. Received: 27 June 1996     

鄂西山区农业气候资源调查,分析与利用的研究

对鄂西山区的农业气候资源进行了调查和考察，在整理、分析的基础上编制了气候资料图表；根据当地农作物种植情况，森林资源、特用植物、中草药的自然分布和山区农业气候资源状况，对如何利用山区农业气候资源进行了一些初步研究。     

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in two mountain meadows with differing management types and levels of plant biodiversity

Species composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was analysed in two differently managed mountain grasslands in Thuringia (Germany). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were studied in the roots of 18 dominant plant species from a total of 56 (32%). Additionally, spores of AMF were isolated from soil samples. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species composition was analysed based on 96 sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, 72 originated from mycorrhizal roots, and 24 originated from AMF spores. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a total of 19 AMF species representing all genera of the Glomeromycota except Scutellospora and Pacispora. Despite a different farming intensity, resulting in remarkable differences concerning their plant species diversity (27 against 43 plant species), the diversity of AMF was found to be similar with 11 species on the intensively farmed meadow and ten species on the extensively farmed one. Nevertheless, species composition between both sites was clearly different. It thus seems likely that the AMF species composition, but not necessarily the species number, is related to above ground plant biodiversity in the system under study.     

中国菜用大豆的种植制度和品种类型

中国有种植菜用大豆的悠久历史。近10几年来，中国逐步成为世界上菜用大豆的主要出口国。中国菜用大豆有单作、单套作和田埂豆等种植形式，种植制度相当复杂。春毛豆是中国菜用大豆的主要生态类型，夏、秋毛豆在南方也普遍种植。虽然中国大陆有丰富的大豆种质资源，但生产上所用的菜用大豆品种大部分是从日本和台湾省引进的。目前急需抗病性强的春毛豆和品质优良的夏、秋毛豆品种。文中还介绍了中国菜用大豆的生产情况，并分析了发展前景。     

新疆天山天池景区客源市场分析与开拓研究

通过分析2013年所作的天山天池景区客源市场抽样调查问卷,从游客人口学特征、旅游行为和客源结构特征3个方面对景区客源市场进行了初步研究,总结出景区客源市场特征。最后根据客源市场调查结果,提出加大宣传、创新旅游产品开发,通过增加近距离游客的重游率和提高远距离游客的出游率来稳定和开拓天山天池景区的旅游市场。