互花米草厌氧发酵渣活性炭的制备表征及吸附性能研究

利用废弃物互花米草厌氧发酵渣为原料,以H3PO4为活化剂,于N2保护下,在不同的活化温度（400~700℃）和剂料质量比（0.5~3.0）条件下制备活性炭,以低温液氮（N2/77.4 K）吸附测定活性炭的比表面积、孔容及孔径分布,以FTIR、pHPZC测定分析活性炭表面化学性质;以亚甲基蓝为特征污染物,考察所制备的活性炭成品的吸附能力。结果表明,随着剂料质量比的增大,活性炭孔径分布变宽,中孔所占比例增大;在所考察的活化温度范围内,活性炭N2吸附容量大小与BET比表面积呈现相同的趋势。活化温度为500℃、剂料质量比为2.0条件下所制备的活性炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能良好,最大吸附容量可达243.90 mg.g-1,符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。亚甲基蓝Langmuir最大吸附容量与活性炭BET比表面积存在一定的线性关系。该活性炭制备方法为互花米草厌氧发酵渣的综合利用找到了新的途径。     

不同年代的埃特纳火山土壤上用甘油萃取有机质的特性

We characterized humic acids (HAs) and glycerol-extractable organic fractions (GEOFs) extracted from four Andisols, taken from comparable soil-climate conditions on the east side of Mount Etna. The soils were formed on old lava (about 9 000 years ago), old tephra (about 8 700 years ago), recent lava (about 2 600 years ago) and recent tephra (about 3 600 years ago). A part of the organic matter of the soils, deprived of HAs and fulvic acids (FAs), was isolated by glycerol extraction. The GEOF can not be extracted with alkaline solutions, probably because it is closely bound to the mineral component of the soil. The characterization of the extracted organic fraction was carried out using elementary and functional group analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. About 20 extractions were necessary to extract the HA and FA from the older soils and about 10 extractions to extract them from the younger soils. Data showed that the GEOFs had a greater ash content and a smaller N content, as well as a greater presence of aliphatic compounds and carboxylic groups as compared to the HA extracted from the same soil. The GEOFs extracted from younger soils also had a lower yield, ash and COOH-group content, and were more aliphatic than the GEOF extracted from older soils. Finally, the GEOFs were more closely bound to the amorphous component of the soil (‘short-range’ minerals) and consequently less subject to biodegradation.     

傅里叶红外光谱技术在生物质能源研究中的应用

傅里叶变换红外光谱是灵敏度高、波数准确、重复性好,用以确定分子组成和结构的定性和定量分析技术。主要对傅里叶红外光谱技术在生物质固体燃料、生物质热解、生物质液化等研究中的应用进行分析和阐述,介绍了傅里叶变换红外光谱及其联合分析技术的应用。     

XPS and FTIR studies of fungus-stained Daemonorops margaritae

We explored the discoloration of rattan cane using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). XPS analysis showed that after the cane was stained by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, carbon and oxygen elements and the ratio of oxygen to carbon decreased. Considering atomic binding,C_1 and C_4 contents increased, while C_2 and C_3 contents decreased, and the ratio of O_2 to O_1 decreased sharply. The relative contents of lignin, cellulose and polysaccharides increased and new substances with low O_2/O_1 ratio occurred. FTIR analysis showed that the absorption peaks of O–H at 3346 cm^-1, aliphatic C–H at 2921, 2853 and1464 cm^-1, and C=O at 1723 cm^-1, were characteristic peaks of fungal melanin intensified, indicating that cane discoloration was primarily caused by fungal melanin. The absorption peaks characterizing cellulose and lignin like polysaccharides at 800 cm^-1, C–H at 1374 cm^-1, C–O at1058 and 1038 cm^-1, phenolic hydroxyl at 1245 cm^-1,aromatic ether bonds at 1270 cm^-1, carbon skeleton at1608 cm^-1 and benzene ring at 1500 cm^-1 were enhanced since the fungus mainly consumed the extractives in cane cell lumens and the main composition content increased relatively. Regardless of the discoloration caused by natural fungi or inoculated fungi, the discoloring feature and composition changes were identical except that the fungusinoculated cane had more melanin.     

三芳胺基D-A结构化合物的溶致变色行为研究

研究了3个系列D-A结构化合物在5种不同极性溶剂中的荧光发射光谱及紫外吸收光谱,探讨了化合物的溶致变色规律,结果表明:3个系列化合物在不同极性溶剂中的荧光发射波长发生明显位移,在甲醇中发射波长最大,在环己烷中最小,但在二氧六环、四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷中,随着溶剂极性逐渐减小,发射波长发生红移;在不同极性溶剂中的荧光强度也各不相同,其中,在环己烷中最大,在甲醇中最小。化合物的紫外吸收波长受溶剂极性的影响,均在甲醇中有最小吸收波长,在不同极性溶剂中化合物的吸光度也不相同,在甲醇及环己烷中的吸光度较大。3个系列化合物均具备作为荧光分子探针探测外部环境极性大小的潜能。     

基于近红外光谱岭回归的甜椒氮素检测试验

针对设施作物营养水平无损检测技术,着重描述了基于近红外光谱数据岭回归分析的甜椒氮素检测试验研究过程.利用近红外反射光谱成像技术对目标作物进行叶片尺度的光谱图像采集,应用计算机图像分析软件进行光谱数字图像处理、提取光谱数据,经过统计分析对数据完成筛选作为变量,结合化学分析试验结果建立作物营养检测模型,检验模型得出结论.为了解决自变量间存在的多重共线性造成模型难以建立的问题,在数据处理阶段,采用了在农业探测领域内并不多见的岭回归分析方法,利用其特殊的有偏估计算法,拟合建立回归方程.同时,由于岭回归分析可以用于进一步筛选特征波段,最终得到的是基于三特征波段近红外光谱反射率数据的甜椒叶片氮营养检测模型.经过模型检验,模型的调整R2为0.843,RMSE为0.105.     

主成分──逐步回归法在近红外光谱定量分析中应用的研究

本文使用一种新的多元统计建模方法：主成分——逐步回归法,用于近红外光谱定量分析中,其预测精度接近偏最小二乘法．     

SPECTRAL BEHAVIOUR AND SPECTRAL SEPARABILITY OF ERODED LANDS USING MULTI-SENSOR DATA

A sound knowledge of the spectral behaviour of any feature or phenomenon helps to establish its spectral response pattern, which ultimately allows it to be detected and delineated using spectral measurements made by multispectral sensors aboard different platforms. The spectral behaviour of eroded lands and associated features was studied in part of the Bijapur District of Karnataka State using multispectral measurements made by the Landsat-multispectral scanner system (MSS) and thematic mapper (TM), and SPOT-HRV multispectral linear array (MLA) sensors under near-identical illumination and atmospheric conditions. The spectral separability of different categories of eroded lands was also studied using scattergrams and divergence analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer to apply oil-based formulations of Metarhizium flavoviride for locust control

Conidia of the fungus Metarhizium flavoviride were formulated in a paraffinic oil, ‘Shellsol’ T, and sprayed using the Francome MkII exhaust nozzle sprayer. Germination of the conidia collected from the spray was reduced by 30% as compared to unsprayed conidia. However, in bioassays, there was no detectable difference in virulence with conidia collected from the spray samples and unsprayed formulation. This indicated that, despite the recorded reduction in the concentration of active conidia, the efficacy of the formulation remained unchanged after passing through the exhaust nozzle sprayer. The droplet size spectra produced by the sprayer were investigated using the Malvern series 2600cc particle size analyser. The optimum droplets for locust control produced by this sprayer were generated by the number 1 nozzle (internal diameter 2·5 mm) with the number 1 restrictor ring (internal diameter 12.5 mm) sprayed at a pressure of 0·2 bar. The droplets thus produced had a volume median diameter of 58 μm when the nozzle protruded between 1 and 2 mm above the level of the restrictor ring. Of the droplets in the spray plume created by these conditions, 33% were between 50 and 100 μm, a range recommended as an achievable optimum for the ultra-low-volume application of Metarhizium flavoviride. The role of the exhaust nozzle sprayer as a tool for the application of M. flavoviride for locust control is discussed with reference to other vehicle-mounted ultra-low-volume sprayers. © 1997 SCI     

微波处理对稻草表面特性的影响

利用FEIXG型电子自旋共振波谱仪和Nicolet Nexus 670型傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究了微波处理对稻草表面特性的影响。研究结果表明,经微波处理后的稻草表面自由基浓度显著增加,最高可以达到处理前自由基浓度的7倍左右。且随着处理时间的延长和微波强度的增加,稻草表面自由基浓度的增加幅度有所上升。经微波处理后,稻草外表面的化学成分(包括SiO2、羟基、木素和纤维素)变化都不明显,而稻草内表面SiO2略有减少,羟基显著增加,木素和纤维素也有一定变化。微波处理可以改善稻草内表面的特性,使之比外表面更具活性,有利于稻草与胶黏剂之间的交联。