木粉/HDPE发泡复合材料的性能研究

与传统木塑复合材料相比,发泡木塑复合材料具有密度小、成本低、强重比高、冲击韧性好等优势,因而具有更广阔的应用空间.该研究采用挤出成型的加工方式制备木粉/HDPE发泡复合材料,并对其密度、泡孔形态、流变行为、力学性能等方面进行了研究.扫描电镜结果表明发泡木塑复合材料具有芯层泡孔尺寸大,表层泡孔尺寸小、结构致密等典型结皮发泡特征.随木粉含量的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度增大,但冲击强度有所降低;随发泡剂含量的增加,复合材料密度降低,冲击强度得到改善.     

Effect of extrusion processing on the soluble and insoluble fiber,and phytic acid contents of cereal brans

The health benefits associated with dietary fiber have resulted in it now being used in virtually all food product categories, including many products which are manufactured using extrusion processing. The objective of the present study was to determine if extrusion processing affected phytic acid, and soluble and insoluble fiber contents. The effect of screw speeds of 50, 70, and 100% of maximum rotations per minute (% MRPM) on these components was investigated. A BI-EX Model DNDG-62/20D co-rotating intermeshing self-cleaning twin-screw extruder, manufactured by Bühlerag, CH-9240, Uzwil, Switzerland, was used to process wheat, oat and rice brans. It was found that extrusion did not affect the insoluble fiber content of wheat bran; however, a decrease in this component was observed in rice and oat brans. The effect on rice bran insoluble fiber was greatest at screw speeds of 50 and 70% MRPM. This occurred in oat bran at 50% MRPM. Soluble fiber content increased in all brans after extrusion, except ER₁₀₀. For oat and rice bran soluble fibers, the greatest increase occurred at 50 and 70% MRPM, while for wheat bran this occurred at 70 and 100% MRPM. Extrusion did not affect the phytate content of the cereal brans.     

Nutrient digestibilities and gut function in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with cellulose or non-starch polysaccharides from soy

Duplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), kept in saltwater, were fed fish meal based cold-pelleted diets where graded levels of native or extruded non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) from soybeans replaced cellulose, at a total NSP level of 100 g kg^− 1 for 28 days. The study also included a diet where defatted soybean meal (SBM) constituted the NSP at a level of 100 g kg^− 1 and a reference diet without NSP supplementation.The SBM diet resulted in a significant reduction in faecal dry matter content, apparent digestibilities of starch and organic material, and growth, and an increased faecal output of several elements (K, Na, Zn), compared to all the other diets. Morphological changes were only seen in the intestine of the fish fed the SBM, i.e. the diets holding purified soy-NSP did not induce enteritis. When compared to the diet without NSP, cellulose addition increased faecal dry matter, while inclusion of native soy-NSP reduced it. Dry matter in faeces and apparent digestibility of crude protein decreased in a linear manner, while the digestibility of starch and faecal output of K and Na increased linearly when native soy-NSP replaced graded levels of cellulose from 0 to 100 g kg^− 1 feed. When diets with 75 or 100 g kg^− 1 of native NSP and extruded soy-NSP were compared, fish fed native soy-NSP had reduced faecal dry matter, higher digestibility of starch, and increased faecal output of Cu, Fe, and K. Dry matter in faeces and faecal output of Cu was lower for the highest inclusion level, while digestibility of starch and faecal output of Mn and K were higher.In conclusion, soy-NSP was inert compared to the fish meal reference, with respect to nutrient digestibilities and intestinal pathologies, but affected faecal mineral excretion in Atlantic salmon.     

Effects of extrusion cooking conditions and chemical leavening agents on lysine loss as determined by furosine content in corn based extrudates

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different variables on lysine loss as determined by furosine content in corn-based extrudates. Three formulations were prepared to study the effects of different chemical leavening agents, processing conditions (feed moisture content: 22, 24 or 26%; exit die temperature: 110 or 150 °C), and extrusion cooking methods (with/without CO₂ injection) on furosine formation. Furosine levels of extrudates from both extrusion methods decreased around 20% when feed moisture content was increased from 22% to 26%. Amadori compounds (precursor of furosine) are formed in the early stages of the Maillard reaction, and later they are converted to further products. Consequently, furosine contents of extrudates significantly decreased as exit die temperature increased from 110 to 150 °C. Furosine contents of extrudates produced with sodium- and ammonium-bicarbonate at 150 °C exit die temperature significantly decreased, while the ones produced at 110 °C significantly increased. This may be due to accelerated formation of fructosyllysine at higher pH values followed by early degradation at 150 °C. The CO₂ injection method did not have a significantly different effect on furosine content of extrudates than that produced by the conventional extrusion method, but had a positive effect on the physical properties of extrudates.     

Chemical and Functional Characterization of Kañiwa (C<Emphasis Type="Italic">henopodium pallidicaule</Emphasis>) Grain,Extrudate and Bran

Cereals provide a good source of dietary fibre and other important compounds with nutritional potential, such as phenolic compounds, antioxidants, minerals and vitamins. Although native Andean cereals are known to have high nutritional value, their minor components have not been studied thoroughly. In this study, two varieties of a native Andean crop, kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule), were investigated as sources of dietary fibre and specific antioxidant compounds. Two products, an extrudate and bran, were also prepared and their functional properties and bioactive compounds were determined. Both varieties were rich in total dietary fibre and lignin, and the phenolic components analyzed had high antioxidant activity. The extrudates had good functional properties, such as degree of gelatinization, sectional expansion index and water solubility index; the bran was high in bioactive compounds, such as total phenolics. In conclusion, kañiwa may offer an alternative to traditional cereals as a health-promoting food ingredient.     

An innovative approach for significantly increasing enzyme resistant starch type 3 content in high amylose starches by using extrusion cooking

In this study effects of extrusion cooking on enzyme resistant starch (RS) formation in high amylose corn starches (Hylon V and VII) and the functional properties of RS preparations were investigated. Native starches were extruded at 50, 60, 70% feed moisture contents, at constant screw speed (100 rpm) and barrel temperature (140 °C). Among these samples, the highest RS contents were observed at 60% feed moisture. Therefore, feed moisture in the second and third extrusion cycles was set at 60%. There were significant increases in RS contents of both Hylon V and Hylon VII after the second extrusion cycle (p < 0.05). After the third extrusion, the RS levels reached to 40.0 and 45.1% for Hylon V and Hylon VII, respectively. Substantial loss of birefringence in these samples indicated that the increases in RS were mainly due to RS3 formation. The RS samples produced by extrusion did not have high emulsion capacity, but the ones produced from Hylon VII had high emulsion stability. Although, decreases in L* and increases in b* values of extruded samples were significant as compared to respective native starches, the changes were not substantial. Therefore, their incorporation is not expected to cause major changes in the colour of end-products.     

Effects of extrusion and inclusion level of soybean meal on diet digestibility, performance and nutrient utilization of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soybean meal inclusion and treatment on the performance of two sizes of gilthead sea bream (small, 9 g and large 50 g mean initial weight). Seven diets were fed containing soybean meal, before (SBM) and after (SBMex) its extrusion, at increasing levels (0% as control and about 20, 30, and 40% for both soy forms used). For large fish effects on digestibility, as well as on trypsin activity levels and moisture at upper (UI), mid (MI) and lower (LI) intestine were also evaluated, following the growth trial. All experiments were conducted at 22 ± 2 °C. Specific growth rate and whole body composition were not affected by soy inclusion, however an adverse effect of inclusion level on feed conversion ratio and protein productive value was apparent for both soy products and fish sizes. Extrusion of soy affected differently large and small fish improving both protein productive value and feed conversion ratio of large fish, but only protein productive value of small fish. Plasma cholesterol decreased with inclusion level of both types of soy, the effect being significant only at the higher level. Liver lipid and glycogen deposition in large fish appeared to be mostly affected by digestible starch intake, increasing with increased intakes, the same being apparent for hepatosomatic index. Soy inclusion did not appear to have any effect on nutrient digestibilities. Trypsin activity (TA) was decreased from UI to LI for all diets and was significantly higher in C diet compared to all other diets at all segments. Extrusion of SBM increased significantly TA levels. Hydration of digesta in LI increased for low soy levels and decreased for high soy levels compared to the control diet.     

大豆理化特性与挤压组织化产品特性的关系

 【目的】研究不同大豆品种籽粒理化特性、脱脂大豆粉理化特性与挤压组织化产品特性的关系,探讨用于评价加工挤压组织化大豆产品品种的特性指标。【方法】以东北三省18个大豆品种为原料,以德国Bradender DSE-25型同向啮合双螺杆挤压机为挤压组织化设备,分析不同大豆品种籽粒理化指标、脱脂粉理化指标与挤压组织化加工工艺系统参数、产品特性的相关关系。【结果】大豆籽粒、脱脂粉粗蛋白含量与挤压组织化单位机械能耗、表观黏度呈显著正相关（α=0.05）。籽粒粗蛋白、水溶性蛋白及脱脂粉粗蛋白含量与产品的拉伸强度、抗剪切力呈显著正相关（α=0.05）。脱脂粉粗纤维含量与产品的横切力、组织化度、弹性呈显著负相关（α=0.05）。脱脂粉灰分含量与单位机械能耗、表观黏度呈显著负相关,与产品聚结性呈负相关（α=0.05）。【结论】选择粗蛋白含量高、水溶性蛋白含量高、粗纤维含量较低的原料或大豆品种,可以生产出组织化度较好、弹性、拉伸强度较大的挤压组织化产品。选育适用于挤压组织化加工的大豆品种时,应重点考虑提高粗蛋白含量、水溶性蛋白含量,同时降低粗纤维含量。