地方性知识与民族地区生态的可持续发展

指出了地方性知识由于其独特的作用在民族地区生态的可持续发展方面扮演着重要角色,是解决民族地区生态与发展问题的手段之一。通过对民族地区地方性知识在生态保护上的独特优势进行分析,提出了挖掘地方性知识,发挥其生态保护作用的措施。     

对黑龙江省绥棱林业局森林资源现状的分析

通过对绥棱林业局森林资源数据的分析,提出培育森林资源和加强生态建设的措施和建议。     

氮肥运筹和栽培方式对杂交籼稻II优498结实期群体光合特性的影响

以杂交籼稻II优498为材料, 在温江和汉源两种生态条件下, 研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对宽窄行、三角形、扩行减株稀植和抛秧4种栽培方式水稻结实期群体光合生产的影响。结果表明, 随穗肥施用比例的增加, 结实期冠层透光特性得到改善, 抽穗期茎鞘干重、高效叶面积率和有效叶面积率等群体质量指标得到提高, 抽穗后叶面积指数(LAI)和呼吸占群体光合的相对比例(CR/TCAP)有所降低, 而群体光合速率(CAP)在两地的变化趋势并不一致, 温光条件较差的温江点表现为先升后降, 而温光条件较好的汉源点则呈下降趋势。当氮肥运筹为6∶3∶1时, 宽窄行和三角形栽培有利于改善冠层透光特性和群体质量, CAP升高的同时结实中后期CR/TCAP增幅减小, 群体光合生产能力得到提高;当氮肥运筹比例为5∶2∶3时, 扩行减株稀植栽培透光性能和群体质量的增幅最大, CAP升高的同时CR/TCAP并未增加甚至有所减少, 群体光合生产能力高于其他栽培方式;当氮肥运筹比例为4∶1∶5时, 抛秧栽培在温江点有利于改善群体质量和增加光能截获, 结实中后期CAP显著提高的同时CR/TCAP降低, 群体光合生产优势明显, 但温光条件改善后此优势并无体现。因此, 提高水稻群体光合生产能力需结合当地温光条件并针对栽培方式采用适宜的氮肥管理措施。     

西南稻区不同地域和施氮水平对杂交中稻氮、磷、钾吸收累积的影响

以杂交中稻II优7号和渝香优203为材料,在西南稻区4省(市)的7个生态点采用相同的试验方案,研究了地理位置、土化特性、施氮量对植株氮、磷、钾积累和分配的影响。结果表明,不同试验地点间稻谷产量、干物质产量、氮磷钾的吸收量、收获指数和每生产1 000 kg稻谷的氮、磷、钾需要量(RAGPPG)差异显著或极显著。施肥处理对稻谷产量、干物质产量、氮的吸收量、收获指数和RAGPPG中的氮有显著或极显著影响,对RAGPPG中的磷、钾影响不显著。氮、磷、钾收获指数间和RAGPPG间均呈极显著正相关,RAGPPG和收获指数均与稻谷产量水平没有相关性。经逐步回归分析,RAGPPG和氮、磷、钾收获指数均分别与试验点所处地理位置、施肥水平及土化特性呈极显著线性关系,决定系数分别为0.5972~0.8404和0.7637~0.8804。可作为制定各地水稻高产高效相应的氮、磷、钾施肥量的科学依据。     

CCD radiation temperature measurement method for hot continuous casting billet surface

According to the present research status and existing problems of hot continuous billet surface temperature non contact measurement technology, a real time temperature measurement model, which combines two-color(R,G) and monochrome (B) of surface radiation image, is established. The surface image is collected through tricolor charge coupled device (CCD) sensor, at the same time, the temperature dynamic response range of CCD can be improved by controlling integrated time and setting different apertures. Through computer image process technology, multi-point temperature can be measured simultaneously, and 2-D temperature field distribution on continuous casting billet surface can be realized. It is be proved by theory and application that the model and method can provide a theory and technology support for realizing surface temperature field on-line measurement for continuous casting billet.     

Application of time-frequency distribution correlating and matching method in signal extraction

The time-frequency coupling relation between useful non-stationary components and noises bring great difficulties to the realization of de-noising for non-stationary signals,which can not be solved by classic de-noising method in time or frequency domain. The principles of short time Fourier transform(STFT),Wigner-Ville transform,Chirplet adaptive decomposition are analyzed,and then a novel de-noising method for non-stationary based on joint time-frequency distribution is proposed. In this method,the analyzed signal WVD is seen as the combination of auto-WVD and cross-term WVD. Firstly,STFT energy spectrum of the analyzed signal is used as template to cross-correlate with its corresponding WVD in order to obtain the satisfactory time-frequency distribution with high time-frequency resolution and without cross-term interferences. Secondly,the useful components are decomposed as Chirplet function using the two-dimension least square fitting method,and then are extracted out to reconstruct for noise suppression. Finally,the computer simulation results verify the effectiveness of this proposed method. Its application in gearbox fault diagnosis indicates that with the method the extracted cycle of the gearbox vibration impulses has a good consistency with the corresponding fault frequency.     

Reliability model for Subsystems of CNC machine tool with small samples

Many subsystems in CNC machine tool have only a few failures, so they are small samples. In this case, classical reliability modeling method often has large errors. For the failure data of small sample, maximum likelihood estimation method is used to estimate the Weibull distribution model parameters of time between failures of the subsystems. Then, the Weibull distribution model parameters are modified by parameter bias correction method. Finally, the effect of bias correction parametersis tested by the D test and the error area ratio test method. The test results show that the modified models are better.     

Genotypic differences of maize in grain yield response to deficit irrigation

This study was undertaken to investigate genotypic differences of five maize cultivars in grain yield response to two different modes of deficit irrigation, conventional deficit irrigation and partial root zone irrigation. Three irrigation treatments were implemented: (1) FULL irrigation, the control treatment where plant water requirement, 100% Class-A pan evaporation, was fully met and the furrows on both sides of the plant rows were irrigated; (2) partial root zone irrigation (PRI), 35% deficit irrigation, compared to FULL treatment, was applied in every other furrow thus irrigating only one side of the plant rows. The furrows irrigated were alternated every irrigation; (3) conventional deficit irrigation (CDI), the same amount of water as PRI was applied in furrows on both sides of the plant rows, similar to FULL irrigation treatment. Five maize cultivars (P.31.G.98, P.3394, Rx:9292, Tector and Tietar) showing extreme growth response to water stress were selected out of ten cultivars tested with earlier completed greenhouse-pot experiment. A split-plot experimental design, comprising three irrigation treatments and five maize cultivars with four replicates, was used during two years of work, in 2005 and 2006. Total of nine irrigations, with one-week irrigation interval, were annually applied using a drip-irrigation system. Soil water status was monitored using a neutron moisture gauge, in addition to measuring leaf water potential and above-ground biomass production throughout the growing season. Grain yield and other yield attributes were measured at harvest as well as assessing differences in plant root distributions. Decrease in grain yield and harvest index of the tested cultivars, compared to FULL treatment, was proportionally less under PRI than CDI. Whether or not a significant yield advantage can be obtained under PRI compared to CDI showed significant (P < 0.05) genotypic variability. Tector and Tietar among the tested cultivars of maize showed significantly higher grain yield (P < 0.05) under PRI than CDI. The yield advantage of the genotypes (P.3394 and Tector) under PRI compared to CDI seems related to their enhanced root biomass developed under PRI.     

河道水流特性对河流生态环境的影响

河道水流特性主要包括水位、流量、流速及其分布、动水压强等,水流特性与河床的边界条件密切相关,而河床边界又是联系河道水流与生态系统的载体与纽带。本文从河道水流特性与生态环境之间的关系入手,阐述了河道水流特性对水生生物的影响,分析了水生生物生长状况的变化所导致的水流环境的变化。论述了河道中的局部建筑物(闸坝工程)在除害兴利、造福人类的同时,给河道生态环境带来的负面影响,河道的渠化和改道造成生态环境多样化的减少乃至消失。从河道水流特性与生态系统协调发展、人与自然和谐共处的角度,给出了河道生态修复的基本原则及措施。本文对于水利工程的规划设计、河道整治、生态修复、环境保护等领域具有一定的实践指导意义。     

水稻生产中的农田生态问题与可持续发展对策

从农田生态系统整体出发,分析水稻生产中的农田生态问题,并重点就水资源短缺、旱涝灾害日趋频繁,生物多样性减少、病虫暴发频率上升,化肥农药利用率低、化学品污染严重等问题,提出了建生态化农田、设生态化布局、行生态化栽培等水稻可持续生产对策。