吉林省1965～2007年地表温度的变化趋势

利用吉林省20个国家基准气象站1965～2007年逐日地表温度以及气温的相关资料,采用气候倾向率、相关分析等统计方法,分析吉林省43年来地表温度的变化规律以及地表温度变化与气温之间的关系.结果表明,1965 ～2007年吉林省地表平均温度、地表最高、地表最低温度均呈显著上升趋势,增幅分别为0.62、0.50、0.85 ℃/10a,且地温的升温幅度高于相应气温的升温幅度;2000年以后地表平均温度与平均气温之间的变化存在明显的分化,这主要是由于地表最低温度的快速上升引起的;地表日较差与气温日较差均呈现显著下降趋势,地表日较差的下降发生在2000年之后,气温日较差的下降发生在1985年之前.     

外源硝态氮对菊芋耐海水胁迫的影响

A hydroponic experiment with six treatments, i.e., 0% seawater （control）, 10% seawater, 25% seawater, 0% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, 10% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaO3）, and 25% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen addition on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus） seedlings under seawater stress. The 10% seawater stress treatment had the least effect on plant growth while at 25% seawater growth was significantly inhibited. The malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in leaves under 10% seawater were similar to those of the control, but significantly higher under the 25% seawater stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in the leaves increased concomitantly with increasing seawater concentration and time. Proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and Na^＋, K^＋, and Cl- contents in shoots and roots increased significantly with the concentration of seawater increasing. Nitrogen addition resulted in increasing fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots compared with seawater treatment without N. Nitrogen supplementation also significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves. Addition of N to seawater enhanced the contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and K^＋ and total-N in the aerial parts and roots of H. tuberosus, but it resulted in declined concentrations of Na^＋ and Cl- in the aerial parts and roots. Nitrogen addition ameliorated the toxicity of seawater by improving the antioxidative enzymes, accumulating of proiine and soluble-sugars, and altering the distribution of inorganic ions in H. tuberosus.     

湖南烟区土壤pH分布特点及其与土壤养分的关系

测试分析了湖南烟区1089个土壤样本的pH,并分析了其与土壤养分的关系。结果表明：湖南烟区土壤pH总体适宜,平均为6．52,变异系数为16．81％;pH处于最适宜烤烟生长的5．5～6．5间的土壤样本占总样本数的26．91％;pH处于适宜烤烟生长的5．0～7．0间的土壤样本占52．71％。湖南不同烟区土壤pH大小表现为：湘南〉湘北〉湘西〉湘东;烟区不同土壤类型pH大小表现为：鸭屎泥〉黄壤土〉青泥田〉黄灰土〉黄泥田〉红黄泥。土壤pH与土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效锌、有效铁、水溶性氯、交换性钙和交换性镁的相关性均达1％极显著水平。土壤pH分组后,土壤养分含量在组间存在极显著差异。湖南烟区pH在5．5～6．5间的土壤的有机质、全氮、速效磷、有效锌和水溶性氯含量能够满足优质烤烟生长需求,有效锰、有效铁、交换性钙和交换性镁含量能满足烤烟的正常生长需求,有效钾和有效铜含量偏低,但尚未引起烤烟的缺素症状。     

超高产杂交稻组合C两优H255叶片光合速率及影响因素的分析(英文)

[Objective] Study on the photosynthesis and influencing factors in super high-yield combination C Liangyou H255. [Method] The photosynthetic characteristics were measured at a hot and muggy day under natural conditions. [Result] A respective single peak at 11:30 was observed in diurnal variation curves of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate(Tr). Correlation analysis shows that Pn presents an extremely significant correlation with photon flux densities (PFD) of photosynthetically active radiation,in comparison assumes a significant correlation either with stomatal conductance(Gs) or with ambient CO2 concentration (Ca). [Conclusion] Gs followed by PFD presented most influence on Pn of super high-yield combination C Liangyou H255.     

我国梅雨研究回顾与讨论

[目的]回顾我国梅雨的研究进展及其研究成果。[方法]利用国家气象信息中心提供的1961~2009年相关台站降水、日照资料和1996年NCEP/DOE2逐日高度场资料,从梅雨的划分、梅雨区范围及其空间分布3个方面,回顾了前人对我国梅雨的研究。[结果]制定一个客观的、统一的梅雨划分标准需进一步研究和探讨,以便为我国梅雨范围的确定提供基础。在梅雨期的划定中,加以考虑日照时长参数,可使入出梅的划定更加可靠。气候平均结果显示宜昌以西的湖北西南部仍有梅雨现象,梅雨范围可西延一个经度;传统梅雨区的西北角梅雨现象不显著,已不属于我国梅雨范围;应以客观、统一的梅雨标准区分湖南中部、江西中部和浙中南地区的春雨和梅雨。[结论]我国学者对江淮梅雨的分型还存在诸多争议,选择合适的分析方法和分析区域对梅雨分型有着重要影响。     

巨玫瑰和辽峰2个葡萄品种叶片光合日变化及其与环境因子的相关性

利用Yaxin-1102便携式光合作用测定系统,测定巨玫瑰和辽峰2个葡萄品种果粒膨大期的环境因子和叶片光合速率的日变化,并对二者进行相关性分析。结果表明:巨玫瑰和辽峰2个葡萄品种功能叶片净光合速率有明显的"午休现象",推测是由非气孔限制因素引起的,"午休"后巨玫瑰净光合速率(Pn)能恢复到"午休"前的水平,但辽峰不能。相关性分析显示,巨玫瑰叶片Pn与光合有效辐射(PAR)、环境相对湿度(RH)、大气环境二氧化碳摩尔分数(Ca)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳摩尔分数(Ci)呈负相关,与环境温度(Ta)呈正相关,辽峰叶片Pn与PAR、Ta、Ci呈负相关,与RH、Ca、Tr、Gs呈正相关。巨玫瑰和辽峰叶片Pn与Ci的负相关性都达到显著水平,与其他因子的相关性不显著。     

园林树木抑菌有效范围的初步研究

采用撞击平皿法,用肉膏蛋白胨琼脂培养基,测定了红皮云杉、圆柏、新疆杨等13种园林树木抑菌作用的有效距离。结果表明:不同园林树木抑菌有效距离存在差异,其中油松的抑菌有效距离最大,大约为5.5 m;接骨木、白榆、新疆杨、红皮云杉、圆柏、火炬树、板栗的抑菌有效距离为3.5 m左右;山楂、金银忍冬、山杏、五角枫、青海云杉的有效距离在2 m左右。     

应用SPC分析蛋白质原料配料保真加工现状及误差产生原因

试验应用统计过程控制（SPC）分析饲料生产中蛋白质原料配料保真现状,并对配料误差存在原因进行探讨,旨在为饲料企业配料质量管理提供借鉴。收集两家饲料厂（饲料厂A、B）2015年仔猪料中豆粕、鱼粉和膨化大豆3种蛋白质原料的配料设定值和实际称量值,应用单值-移动极差控制图和生产过程能力评价方法对蛋白质原料的配料保真现状进行分析。结果显示,饲料厂A豆粕、鱼粉和膨化大豆生产过程能力指数C_PK分别为0.20、0.11和0.01,膨化大豆的配料保真度最差,且3种原料的配料实际称量值远高于设定值;饲料厂B豆粕、鱼粉和膨化大豆生产过程能力指数C_PK分别为0.24、0.12和0.24,鱼粉的配料保真度最差,膨化大豆的配料过程存在失控情况;两家饲料厂的蛋白质原料配料误差均超过了饲料行业动态配料精度±0.3% FS的要求,配方保真性较差,需采取措施进行改进。综合分析两家饲料厂配方保真性差的原因是,配料秤工艺参数配置不合理,空中落料量和快慢进料量参数需进一步优化,饲料厂B存在人为操作错误。结果提示,应用SPC方法可较为直观的监控饲料配料过程,提升蛋白质原料的配料精度,减少蛋白质原料的浪费,降低饲料生产成本,从而提高饲料厂配料质量管理水平。     

加拿大蓟天敌─欧洲方喙象的寄主专一性测定

在温度为25～28 ℃的养虫室内选择具有代表性的菊科植物及豆科、禾本科牧草共10科30种植物对欧洲方喙象进行寄主专一性测定试验，结果表明其食性专一，只取食加拿大蓟，个别成虫或幼虫在饥饿状态下仅少量取食菊科其他植物，但随后即拒绝取食。非选择性试验（饥饿试验）表明欧洲方喙象耐饥饿能力强，不同龄期平均达28 d。欧洲方喙象最适宜的生长温度是25 ℃，高于30 ℃或低于10 ℃，生长发育则受到抑制。     

Soil physical quality of a Brazilian Oxisol under two tillage systems using the least limiting water range approach

Plant growth is directly affected by soil water, soil aeration, and soil resistance to root penetration. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is defined as the range in soil water content within which limitations to plant growth associated with water potential, aeration and soil resistance to root penetration are minimal. The LLWR has not been evaluated in tropical soils. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the LLWR in a Brazilian clay Oxisol (Typic Hapludox) cropped with maize (Zea mays L. cv. Cargil 701) under no-tillage and conventional tillage. Ninety-six undisturbed soil samples were obtained from maize rows and between rows and used to determine the water retention curve, the soil resistance curve and bulk density. The results demonstrated that LLWR was higher in conventional tillage than in no-tillage and was negatively correlated with bulk density for values above 1.02 g cm⁻³. The range of LLWR variation was 0–0.1184 cm³ cm⁻³ in both systems, with mean values of 0.0785 cm³ cm⁻³ for no-tillage and 0.0964 cm³ cm⁻³ for conventional tillage. Soil resistance to root penetration determined the lower limit of LLWR in 89% of the samples in no-tillage and in 46% of the samples in conventional tillage. Additional evaluations of LLWR are needed under different texture and management conditions in tropical soils.