阶层抽样理论抽样数模型的简化

本文对阶层抽样的理论抽样数模型作了简化。简化后的模型计算简单,便于在生产上应用。     

施肥模型研究综述

对施肥模型和参数研究的历史、现状和趋势进行了综述,并指出今后定量施肥研究的关键问题。     

生态农业决策支持系统的建立

根据生态农业发展的需要，建立了生态农业决策支持系统。对生态农业决策支持系统的概念、设计思想、内容构成、结构及功能进行了分析。     

The occurrence of primary burrowing crayfish in terrestrial habitat

A researcher’s perception of a target species’ landscape strongly influences the design of habitat studies conducted at broad spatial scales. Consequently, researcher-dependent perceptions may misguide conservation efforts. Although the life histories of some crayfish (i.e., primary burrowers) are centered on a fossorial existence independent of surface water, all North American crayfish are viewed in an aquatic context. This paradigm restricts the range of habitats that are typically sampled and managed for crayfish conservation. This study used presence/absence of the primary burrower Distocambarus crockeri at 137 locations within the Long Cane Ranger District of the Sumter National Forest, South Carolina, USA, to model the habitat association of the species across a GIS-based landscape. Logistic regression indicated that D. crockeri presence was most strongly associated with a terrestrial habitat defined by a set of morphologically similar soils located along ridge tops. Furthermore, the species was negatively associated with aquatic habitats such as streams and floodplains. The results indicate that D. crockeri is a terrestrial habitat specialist and should be modeled and managed at the landscape as a terrestrial organism. When viewed as a subset of the total United States cambarid fauna, primary burrowers are disproportionately imperiled. Primary burrowers comprise only 15% of the total crayfish fauna, while they account for 32% of those crayfish ranked critically imperiled. Habitat loss and an aquatic bias that restricted sampling to aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats might explain the group’s disproportionate imperilment.     

Sampling saproxylic beetles: lessons from a 10-year monitoring study

We sampled saproxylic beetles using trunk window traps in two birch-dominated forests in Finland during 1990-1999. The sampling scheme, 10 traps attached to living fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius growing on dead birches, remained unchanged in both forests throughout the study period. Beetles belonging to 32 selected families were identified every year, whereas all species were identified during the last 4 years. Total number of identified individuals was 40,294 and number of species 583, of which 258 were saproxylic (dependent on dead wood). Species richness of rare and threatened saproxylic beetles in the samples varied a lot between the years and did not fluctuate synchronously between the forests. Variation between years was smaller when all saproxylic species were pooled together and some abundant species fluctuated synchronously in the two forests. Similarity indices and DCA-ordination did not generally suggest decreasing similarity between samples with increasing temporal isolation. Incidence-based similarities of common saproxylic species within and between forests and years were high (means 0.7-0.8), whereas those of rare saproxylics were roughly 50% smaller and much more variable. More than 75% of the common saproxylic species found during the entire 10-year period were detected already after 3 years of sampling but accumulation of rare and threatened species was much slower. Our results suggest that: (1) occurrence of rare and threatened species in samples is much less predictable than that of common species and, e.g. reserve selection based on rarities should be made cautiously; (2) estimation of total number of threatened species in a forest is very difficult, because such species accumulate slowly in the samples; (3) samples from different years can be comparable in certain cases.     

短距离样点对土壤呼吸空间变异预测精度的影响

不同采样设计会对土壤呼吸空间变异特征的预测精度产生重要影响。本研究选取黄淮海平原北部潮土区1 km×1 km夏玉米样地,在7×7单元规则格网(样点间距167 m)、完全随机(样点平均间距433 m)以及3×3单元规则格网+完全随机(样点平均间距405m)3种布点方式的基础上,保持样本总量(49)不变,以占总样点2%～14%的短距离样点(样点间距4m)随机替换原方案相应样点个数的方法优化布点方式,应用普通克里金法插值,以均方根误差(RMSE)和确定系数(R2)作为验证指标,检验基于3种布点方式设置的短距离样点对土壤呼吸空间变异预测精度的影响。结果表明:研究区土壤呼吸平均速率为2.65μmol·m?2·s?1,空间分布均呈西高东低,表现出中等程度变异。采样设计对土壤呼吸空间分布的预测精度影响显著,基于3种布点方式设置短距离样点可提高预测精度7%～13%。无短距离样点替换时,规则格网+完全随机的布点方式最优,比完全随机布点和规则格网布点的空间插值预测精度分别提高10%和22%;设置短距离样点替换后,在最优布点方式(规则格网+完全随机)中,对土壤呼吸空间变异的预测精度可再提高4%～7%,其中短距离样点个数占样本总量10%对土壤呼吸空间变异预测精度的提高最为明显。研究发现,基于相同的样本数量设置短距离样点可增加区域范围内样点密度,提高土壤呼吸空间变异预测精度及试验结果的可靠性。因此,在黄淮海平原北部潮土区100 hm2尺度的夏玉米样地中,规则格网+完全随机+10%短距离样点的布点方式是预测土壤呼吸空间变异最适宜的采样布点方式。     

不同增温措施对西南山区春玉米产量的影响

对西南山区春玉米采用起垄直播覆膜、起垄覆膜育苗打孔移栽、起垄直播覆膜再加苗期拱棚双增温3种增温措施,研究不同增温措施对春玉米生育期、叶面积指数、干物质积累与分配及产量的影响。试验结果表明,3种增温措施使春玉米的生育时期提前,缩短生育期17～19d,提高春玉米不同生育时期叶面积指数,增加"光合源",提高干物质积累及最终向子粒库的转运(收获指数),增产幅度分别达11.48%、9.85%和14.93%,提高经济效益分别达571元/hm2、164元/hm2和256元/hm2。综合以上试验结果,西南山区春玉米生产栽培中以起垄直播覆膜为宜。     

数据挖掘方法在农业生产决策支持系统上的应用

本文首先介绍了数据挖掘方法的概念及其应用现状,在此基础上提出具有数据挖掘功能农业生产决策支持系统的框架结构,为农业生产决策支持系统的研究提出了新的方向.     

矮化密植枣园枣瘿蚊第一代幼虫空间分布型及抽样技术

采用Taylor幂法则、lwao线性回归及各种聚集度指标分析了矮化密植枣园第一代枣瘿蚊幼虫的空间分布型,结果表明：枣瘿蚊第一代幼虫在田间符合聚集分布,这可能是由其自身的行为习性引起的。通过几种田间抽样方法的比较确定最佳方法为棋盘式抽样法。同时采用lwao方法求出了最适抽样数。