乡村振兴背景下惠农信息获取路径优化研究

[目的/意义]在乡村振兴背景下,中国农村经济迎来了一个新的发展阶段,大量的惠农信息向农民群体传递。虽然目前农民获取惠农信息的路径众多,但在获取惠农信息的过程中仍存在着众多阻碍。[方法/过程]本文通过问卷调查的研究方法,调查农民群体获取惠农信息的路径,简要阐述现有的获取惠农信息路径的情况。[结论/结果]分析发现,农民在惠农信息的获取过程中存在一定障碍,针对各路径的障碍,本文通过从全信息视角对政府惠农信息的获取路径进行具体解析。从全信息中语法信息、语义信息和语用信息的3个方面对现有路径进行改善,从形式、内容含义和价值方面进行准确判断,进而优化惠农信息的获取路径。     

The siderophore-interacting protein is involved in iron acquisition and virulence of Riemerella anatipestifer strain CH3

Riemerella anatipestifer causes epizootic infectious disease in poultry and serious economic losses especially to the duck industry. However, little is known regarding the molecular basis of its pathogenesis. The ability to acquire iron under low-iron conditions is related to the virulence of a variety of bacterial pathogens. In this study, a sip (Riean_1281) deletion mutant CH3Δsip was constructed and characterized for iron-limited growth, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity to ducklings. Results showed that siderophore-interacting protein (SIP) was involved in iron utilization and the sip deletion significantly reduced biofilm formation and adherence to and invasion of Vero cells. In addition, the sip gene was absent in 1 of 24 (4.17%) virulent strains and 2 of 3 (66.7%) avirulent strains of R. anatipestifer, and the sip gene from six R. anatipestifer strains, which belong to serotypes 1, 2, and 10, respectively, shared 100% amino acid identities to those of R. anatipestifer strains DSM15868 and RA-GD. These results suggested that siderophore-mediated iron acquisition may be an important iron-uptake pathway in R. anatipestifer. Animal experiments indicated that the median lethal dose of the CH3Δsip mutant in ducklings was about 35-fold higher than that of the wild-type CH3 strain. Thus, our results demonstrated that R. anatipestifer SIP was involved in iron acquisition and necessary for its optimal virulence.     

The Schmallenberg virus epidemic in Europe—2011–2013

During the Schmallenberg virus (SBV) epidemic, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) collected data on SBV occurrence across Europe in order to provide an assessment of spread and impact. By May 2013, twenty-nine countries were reporting to EFSA and twenty-two countries had reported cases of SBV. The total number of SBV herds reported was 13,846 and the number of SBV laboratory confirmed herds was 8730. The surveillance activities were based on the detection of SBV clinical cases (either adults or newborns). Malformation in newborns was the most commonly reported clinical sign of SBV-infection. All countries were able to provide the date when the first suspicion of SBV in the herd was reported and nineteen could report the location of the herd at a regional level. This allowed the spread of SBV in Europe to be measured both temporally and spatially. The number of SBV confirmed herds started to increase in December 2011 and two peaks were observed in 2012 (February and May). Confirmed herds continued to be reported in 2012 and into 2013. An increase during winter 2012 and spring 2013 was again observed, but the number of confirmed herds was lower than in the previous year. SBV spread rapidly throughout Europe from the initial area of detection. SBV was detected above the latitude of 60° North, which exceeds the northern expansion observed during the bluetongue virus serotype 8 epidemic in 2006–2009. The impact of SBV was calculated as ratio of the number of herds with at least one malformed SBV positive foetus and the total number of herds in this region. The 75th percentile of the malformations ratio in the various affected countries for the whole reporting period was below 1% and 3% for cattle and sheep herds, respectively. International data collection on emerging diseases represents a challenge as the nature of available data, data quality and the proportion of reported cases may vary widely between affected countries. Surveillance activities on emerging animal diseases are often structured only for case detection making the estimation of infection/diseases prevalence and the investigation of risk factors difficult. The impact of the disease must be determined to allow risk managers to take appropriate decisions. Simple within-herd impact indicators suitable for emerging disease outbreaks should be defined that could be measured as part of routine animal health surveillance programmes and allow for rapid and reliable impact assessment of emerging animal health diseases.     

作物模型应用与遥感信息集成技术研究进展

作物模型和遥感技术以各自独有的优势在作物生产监测、评估及未来预测等方面发挥着关键作用。作物模型与遥感信息集成技术在大尺度、高精准的农业生产监测、评估与预测上具有明显的应用优势和广阔的发展前景。为了促进这些技术在区域尺度上的作物产量预测、农业气象灾害影响评估及农业应对气候变化决策等方面更加广泛地应用,本文采用文献综述的方法,系统归纳了欧洲、美国、澳大利亚及中国作物模型的发展与应用,总结了当前主流的数据集成方法的原理、特点和不足,概述了作物模型与遥感信息集成技术的实际应用,探讨了提升数据集成精度存在的问题,并对未来研究方向进行展望。结果表明,国内外对于作物模型及其与遥感数据集成的研究与应用广泛而深入,利用同化方法能够有效提高作物模型模拟精度,为作物模型实现区域尺度作物生长及产量评估、气候变化对产量影响、农田管理决策等提供技术支撑。作物模型模拟结果及遥感反演数据的不确定性、数据同化策略的多样性以及尺度效应是进一步提高集成系统精度与效率的限制因素。因此,遥感数据多源融合、同化过程多变量协同、作物模型多类型耦合以及数据高性能并行计算是未来作物模型与遥感数据集成研究的发展趋势。     

A conceptual framework and an empirical test of complementarity and facilitation with respect to phosphorous uptake by plant species mixtures

Plant species have different traits for mobilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus (P) resources, which could potentially lead to overyielding in P uptake by plant species mixtures compared to monocultures due to higher P uptake as a result of resource (P) partitioning and facilitation. However, there is circumstantial evidence at best for overyielding as a result of these mechanisms. Overyielding (the outcome) is easily confused with underlying mechanisms because of unclear definitions. We aimed to define a conceptual framework to separate outcome from underlying mechanisms and test it for facilitation and complementarity with respect to P acquisition by three plant species combinations grown on four soils. Our conceptual framework describes both mechanisms of complementarity and facilitation and outcomes (overyielding of mixtures or no overyielding) depending on the competitive ability of the species to uptake the mobilized P. Millet/chickpea mixtures were grown in pots on two calcareous soils mixed with calcium-bound P (CaP) and phytate P (PhyP). Cabbage/faba bean mixtures were grown on both acid and neutral soils mixed with P-coated iron (hydr)oxide (FeP) and PhyP. Wheat/maize mixtures were grown on all four soils. Rhizosphere carboxylate concentration and acid phosphatase activity (mechanisms) as well as plant P uptake and biomass (outcome) were determined for monocultures rhizosphere and species mixtures. Facilitation of P uptake occurred in millet/chickpea mixtures on one calcareous soil. We found no indications for P acquisition from different P sources, neither in millet/chickpea, nor in cabbage/faba bean mixtures. Cabbage and faba bean on the neutral soil differed in rhizosphere acid phosphatase activity and carboxylate concentration, but showed no overyielding. Wheat and maize, with similar root exudates, showed overyielding (the observed P uptake being 22% higher than the expected P uptake) on one calcareous soil. We concluded that although differences in plant physiological traits (root exudates) provide necessary conditions for complementarity and facilitation with respect to P uptake from different P sources, they do not necessarily result in increased P uptake by species mixtures, because of the relative competitive ability of the mixed species.     

基于FCM聚类法对行驶工况的构建

主要研究FCM聚类法在车辆行驶工况中的应用。通过对合肥市典型道路的试验,获取大量的实验数据,划分为多个运动学片段,并运用多元统计理论方法及Matlab对数据进行分析和处理,引入11个表征汽车行驶特性的特征参数进行研究。运用主成分分析这种数理统计理论,同时通过FCM聚类方法,对合肥市道路行驶工况进行分析与仿真,拟合出能够代表合肥市的代表性工况。通过对实验数据的分析表明,拟合的行驶工况有利地反映了合肥的汽车保有量、城市结构、交通流分布、驾驶行为习惯及道路特征等的情况。     

Analysis of Spectral Characteristics Based on Optical Remote Sensing and SAR Image Fusion

Because of cloudy and rainy weather in south China, optical remote sens-ing images often can＇t be obtained easily. With the regional trial results in Baoying, Jiangsu province, this paper explored the fusion model and effect of ENVISAT/SAR and HJ-1A satel ite multispectral remote sensing images. Based on the ARSIS strat-egy, using the wavelet transform and the Interaction between the Band Structure Model （IBSM）, the research progressed the ENVISAT satel ite SAR and the HJ-1A satel ite CCD images wavelet decomposition, and low/high frequency coefficient re-construction, and obtained the fusion images through the inverse wavelet transform. In the light of low and high-frequency images have different characteristics in differ-ent areas, different fusion rules which can enhance the integration process of self-adaptive were taken, with comparisons with the PCA transformation, IHS transfor-mation and other traditional methods by subjective and the corresponding quantita-tive evaluation. Furthermore, the research extracted the bands and NDVI values around the fusion with GPS samples, analyzed and explained the fusion effect. The results showed that the spectral distortion of wavelet fusion, IHS transform, PCA transform images was 0.101 6, 0.326 1 and 1.277 2, respectively and entropy was 14.701 5, 11.899 3 and 13.229 3, respectively, the wavelet fusion is the highest. The method of wavelet maintained good spectral capability, and visual effects while improved the spatial resolution, the information interpretation effect was much better than other two methods.     

Contribution of Adventitious Roots to Water Use Strategy of Juniperus sabina in a Semiarid Area of China

duniperus sabina Linnaeus, an evergreen shrub with prostrate life form, can effectively prevent sand moving and is an important tree species for reforestation in semiarid areas of China. It has laterally distributed adventitious roots and a deeply distributed main root system. To detect water movement between the main root system and adventitious roots, we adopted heat pulse sensors using the Heat Ratio Method, a high precision method for measuring low sap flow rates. Two sensors were implanted in each individual in the stem between the main root system and adventitious roots, and another two in lateral stems distal to all the roots. Positive sap flows during nighttime, even under saturated air moisture conditions, were detected only between the main root system and adventitious roots under drought conditions, and the rate of flow increased as drought progressed and decreased or disappeared after rain events. The results demonstrated the existence of water movement from the main root system to adventitious roots, and combined with the high contribution of nighttime sap flow to transpiration （11%-16%） the results indicate that it also involves the process of hydraulic lift, a water movement from moist subsoil to dry surface soils. Integrated water use strategy between the main root system and adventitious roots via the process of hydraulic lift of soil water maximizes water acquisition efficiency from both subsoil water and water from rain pulses on the soil surface; this increases survivability in the water-limited environment of semiarid areas.     

国土资源数据库整合升级的优化处理

1∶10 000基础地理信息数据库的整合升级是国家测绘地理信息局全力推进全国“一张图”（国家基本比例尺地形图）建设工作的重要一环.现阶段整合工具的不完善,给数据整合工作带来了一定的困难.为加快整合任务进度,该研究以云南省1∶10 000地形要素数据（DLG）整合为例,探索在数据处理质量控制范围内通过设计软件工具完成部分人工整合作业内容,从而提高工作效率.     

地面数据传输及质量控制实例分析

详细阐述地面测报软件主辅通道上传数据时间设置以及数据上传不成功的处理方法。自动站采集气温、本站气压、相对湿度、风向、风速以及雨量正点数据如果判断是错误数据,应按先分钟数据替代,然后人工数据替代,最后内插的原则修改,保存形成正确上传文件;台站预审人员应正确进行月报表A文件一般性备注和历史沿革备注。