驼绒藜属植物生态生物学特性及栽培技术研究

驼绒藜属植物属于耐寒、耐旱、耐贫瘠、耐风蚀、繁殖力强的喜沙半灌木。综述了驼绒藜属植物的生态生物学特性,并从采种与种子处理、地块的选择与整地、播种与育苗、草地的培育、苗期的管护等方面介绍了驼绒藜属植物的栽培技术。     

水分胁迫及复水对达乌里胡枝子光合特性的影响

以来自山西的6个生态型达乌里胡枝子(Lespedeza davurica(Laxm.)Schindl)为材料,通过测定干旱胁迫和复水后植物叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率(WUE)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶绿素含量等指标,研究了不同生态型达乌里胡枝子在水分胁迫下和复水后光合特性与抗旱性的关系。结果表明:随干旱胁迫程度加剧,6个生态型达乌里胡枝子P_n,T_r和G_s值均有较大幅度的降低,水分利用效率呈下降趋势,光合作用减弱。其中沁水和沁源生态型的P_n下降速度快、幅度大、抗旱性差,阳泉和交口生态型的P_n下降速度慢、幅度小、抗旱性强;复水后抗旱性强的生态型恢复至正常状态的能力强,其WUE比抗旱性差的生态型高。抗旱性由强到弱的顺序是:阳泉>交口>太谷>静乐>沁源>沁水。     

α-乳白蛋白的功能特性及其在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用

α-乳白蛋白是母乳蛋白质的重要成分,α-乳白蛋白的母乳化是婴儿配方乳粉模拟母乳蛋白质研究的重要组成部分。本文从α-乳白蛋白的氨基酸组成和立体结构两方面介绍α-乳白蛋白的结构,论述α-乳白蛋白的功能特性及其在婴儿配方乳粉中的应用,为广大婴儿配方乳粉科研工作者提供参考。     

采煤沉陷区苦草的生物学特性及其竞争机制

采煤活动所致的动态沉陷湿地具有动态性、高潜水位和生态脆弱性等特点,探明此类人工重构湿地的水生植物群落的生物学特性及其竞争机制,有助于为采煤沉陷区湿地水生植物群落修复提供科学依据。本研究以淮南潘集区人工构建的苦草群落(Ass. Vallisneria natans)为例,采用样方调查法,研究苦草的生物学特性及其与其他水生植物的竞争机制。结果表明,1)沉陷区苦草的生物学特性与浅水湖泊较一致。主要表现在苦草的繁殖方式、传粉方式、生活史方面,但研究区苦草以有性繁殖为主。2)沉陷区苦草能与以种子萌发形成的水烛群丛(Ass. Typha angustifolia)共生,但生物量低;在与形成两年以上的水烛群丛竞争中处于劣势,在水烛群丛盖度达到90%时苦草逐渐消失。3)沉陷区苦草在与浮叶植物莕菜群丛(Ass. Nymphoides peltatum)、苹群丛(Ass. Marsilea quadrifolia)竞争中处于弱势,其盖度、株高、生物量等指标都明显下降。4)沉陷区苦草在与沉水植物竹叶眼子菜群丛(Ass. Potamogeton malaianus)竞争中处于劣势,苦草与沉水植物黑藻群丛(Ass. Hydrilla verticillata)、狐尾藻群丛(Ass. Myriophyllum verticillatum)、大茨藻群丛(Ass. Najas marina)、金鱼藻群丛(Ass. Ceratophyllum demersum)占据不同水层空间,种间竞争不强烈,能较好地共存。总之,苦草较之于相似生长型的植物具有较明显的竞争优势,对于具有不同生活型,尤其是挺水植物和浮叶植物,处于竞争劣势。     

新城疫病毒囊膜糖蛋白生物学特性的研究进展

新城疫是当今全球范围内最严重的禽类传染病之一。其病原新城疫病毒是单股负链RNA病毒,编码NP、P、M、F、HN和L 6种结构蛋白,其中最主要的是位于囊膜上的F和HN两种糖蛋白。F蛋白具有使病毒囊膜与宿主细胞膜融合,致使病毒穿入宿主细胞膜的作用,是决定病毒毒力的关键因子;HN蛋白具有血凝素和神经氨酸酶两种活性,这两种活性对于NDV侵染细胞具有重要的作用。这两种糖蛋白不仅对NDV的毒力及致病性方面起着决定性作用,而且也是诱导产生保护性抗体的蛋白。作者主要对这两种蛋白的结构与功能作一概述。     

Effect of dietary supplemental nicotinic acid on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality in three genotypes of chicken

The effects of dietary supplemental nicotinic acid (NA) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality were investigated in three genotypes of chicken. Fast‐growing AA (Arbor Acres) broilers were compared with two genotypes of a slow‐growing local breed, Beijing‐You, that had undergone selection for and against intramuscular fat content respectively (BJY+IMF and BJY?IMF). The treatments were arranged 3 × 4 factorial completely randomized design. Day‐old females (n = 624) were allocated to four treatments with six replicates per treatment and fed diets (basal contained ～25 mg NA/kg) supplemented with 0, 30, 60 and 120 mg NA/kg. A sample of 72 birds from each genotype was slaughtered at market time (8 weeks of age for AA and 16 weeks of age for BJY). The breast muscles of AA broilers were darker, had less redness and yellowness, lower drip loss and higher shear force as compared to the BJY genotypes (p < 0.01). The highest drip loss and the lowest shear force among the three genotypes were apparent in BJY+IMF (p < 0.01). Increasing supplementation from 0 to 60 mg NA/kg tended to increase average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, width of intermuscular fat band, thickness of subcutaneous fat (including skin) and percentage of abdominal fat but, for most variables, values decreased slightly with 120 mg NA/kg. Increasing supplementation to 60 mg NA/kg decreased (quadratic, p < 0.001) drip loss, but it increased at 120 mg NA/kg. The present results indicate that (i) the AA broilers fed corn–soybean meal based‐diets require approximately 60 mg NA/kg to maximize ADG and meat product yield and decrease the drip loss of breast muscle; (ii) the addition of 30 mg NA/kg meets the requirement of BJY genotypes; and (iii) there seems to be no beneficial effect of NA supplementation on chicken meat quality except for limiting the drip loss.     

Identification and Molecular Characteristics Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Variants

To ascertain a diarrhea case in a pig farm in Shandong province,the pathological changes of dead piglets were observed and nested RT-PCR test was carried out on 7 diarrhea samples for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).Pathological examination revealed that intestine was detected as enlargement,hyperemia and edema.After histological examination,the typical microscopic lesions of intestine were disappearance of epithelial cells,villus shrinkage and shortening.The result of nested RT-PCR showed that all of the 7 samples could amplify a specific target band of PEDV.Molecular characteristics of two field strains showed that they had an amino acid homology of 92.3% to 92.4% with vaccine CV777 and 96.6% to 98.6% with other previous field strains which sequences were downloaded from GenBank.Phylogenetic tree analysis further revealed that all of PEDV strains could be mainly divided into two clusters of G1 and G2. G2 consisted of the field strains of our study and other field strains from USA,China and so on,which had the same sequence characteristics of two insertions and one deletion,while G1 consisted of all vaccines of CV777 and several older field strains from China and Korea.These results indicated that our field strains were the dominant strains in recent epidemic diarrhea occurrence.Moreover,its molecular characteristics might be a characterization of differentiating the field and vaccine strains.     

驴乳房炎大肠杆菌的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

为了查明导致新疆某规模化奶驴场乳房炎的主要病原菌及其生物学特性,试验采用常规微生物学方法对病原菌进行分离,采用生化鉴定管和16S rRNA的PCR扩增方法对病原菌进行鉴定,采用K-B药敏纸片法测定其耐药性,D_{600 nm}值绘制细菌生长曲线,最后分析同源性并构建系统进化树。结果显示,分离株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,能在麦康凯培养基上长出粉红色菌落,在伊红－美兰培养基上长出有金属光泽的菌落;生化鉴定分离株的葡磷胨水、赖氨酸、鸟氨酸、棉子糖、山梨醇、侧金盏花醇、木胶糖试验均呈阳性,而苯丙氨酸和硫化氢试验均为阴性;PCR扩增后测序得到205 bp的1号菌株和203 bp的2号菌株,其特性符合大肠杆菌的特性;药敏结果表明,分离株对链霉素和氯霉素高度敏感,对青霉素、阿莫西林和庆大霉素耐药;生长曲线表明,分离株在2~16 h时为高度繁殖期,16~32 h处于稳定期,32 h以后开始进入衰退期;1号菌株与2号菌株同源性高达99%,1号菌株与大肠杆菌11J和RCB800的同源性最高（100%）;2号菌株与大肠杆菌675SK2和DTU-1的同源性最高（100%）;由系统进化树分析可知,1号菌株与大肠杆菌11J和RCB800处于同一个小分支,2号菌株与大肠杆菌675SK2和DTU-1处于同一个小分支。因此,导致本次驴乳房炎的病原菌为大肠杆菌,本研究结果为进一步系统研究导致驴乳房炎大肠杆菌的致病机制提供参考。     

热处理对水牛乳稳定特性的影响

为比较不同热处理条件对水牛乳稳定性的影响,实验采用不同条件热处理后的pH缓冲容量、总溶解固体（total dissolved solids,TDS）、蛋白沉淀量及表观黏度等指标研究杂交高代水牛乳样品。结果表明：与未经处理的水牛乳样品相比,水牛乳经不同条件热处理后,其pH缓冲容量、TDS、蛋白沉淀量及表观黏度皆发生显著变化。其中水牛乳分别在经121℃/15 min和95℃/5 min处理后,其pH缓冲容量、TDS、蛋白沉淀量及表观黏度分别达到最大值和最小值。因此,认为在本实验研究范围内,水牛乳经121℃/15 min及95℃/5 min处理后,对其稳定性影响最大。     

汾河太原段河漫滩草地土壤种子库研究

研究了汾河太原段河漫滩草地土壤种子库的基本特征。结果表明：汾河太原段河漫滩草地土壤种子库有草本植物17种，灌木2种。其中一年生植物15种，占总种数的78．9％，典型的湿地植物14种，占总种数的73．7％，是河漫滩草地土壤种子库的优势成分。平均密度为33033粒／m^2，种平均密度最大为21464粒／m^2，最小为400粒／m^2。种平均密度决定于种的生态特性或结实特性；河漫滩草地土壤种子库的特性受河水动态、土壤水分和质地、人为扰动等因素的影响，在横向上表现为距河流越远种子库密度越大。