风险条件下设施农业生产决策

设施农业是我国农业发展的重要内容,也是我国农业资源高效利用的重要生产模式。在我国设施农业快速发展的同时,其生产决策表现出科学性不足,主要体现为存在明显的盲目性和随意性。构建了农作物组合优化决策模型,采用贪心算法,以最大经济效益为目标,综合考虑风险以及作物轮作等因素,得出了最优生产决策组合方案;通过与优化前种植方案的比较,表明采用决策模型所获得方案的利润有所增加,且全年承担风险更加平稳。因此,对以企业方式进行生产的设施农业单位,可以通过优化组合生产计划,实现经济效益的增加,进而提高生产者的生产积极性和产品的市场竞争力。     

作物超高产育种途径探析

本文以3大粮食作物水稻、小麦和玉米为例,阐述了作物超高产育种的概念,归纳了作物产量形成的生理基础,并从理想株形选育、高光效育种、遗传资源的发现与创新和生物技术手段4个方面分析了作物超高产的途径.     

作物长势监测的应用研究现状与展望

讨论了各种植物长势监测的方法、原理、监测指标、优缺点及其研究进展,指出目前几种监测方法的一些局限性。并提出将几种监测方法有机结合起来从而弥补各自的不足的建议,最后分析了植物长势监测技术研究的发展趋势。     

作物栽培专家系统的应用与发展

简述了作物栽培专家系统的内涵及演化发展状况,分析了作物栽培专家系统在生产中的应用及其与农业的关系,指出了目前该系统在应用与发展中存在的问题和发展对策.     

低温胁迫对作物生理生化的影响及抗低温助剂的研发

基于农业生产中低温对农作物造成的巨大经济损失,该文综述了低温对作物生理生化的影响和抗低温助剂的研发。     

核盘菌一些生理性状的观察

用８科１５种作物秸秆培养核盘菌所产生的菌核数量和消耗比差异很大，不同秸秆产生的菌核萌发情况也不尽相同。此外，菜瓜上产生的菌核在５～３０℃范围内均可萌发，萌发适宜温度为 ５～１５℃ ，以 １０℃ 最为适宜；菌核萌发产生子囊盘与光照强度关系密切，３００ ｌｘ时不产生子囊盘，５００ ｌｘ时菌核萌发后 １０ ｄ产生子囊盘率为 ５８． ８％，７６０ ｌｘ时菌核萌发后 ７ｄ产生子囊盘率为１００％。     

水旱轮作大豆的营养生长与根系活力的关系

大豆是实行水旱轮作制度的重要作物之一,水田的排水不良是导致轮作大豆减产的重要原因.通过对水旱轮作大豆幼苗进行过湿处理,分析了不同大豆品种的营养生长特性与根系生理活性的关系.轮作大豆在过湿条件下,所有品种的生育都受到抑制,干物质生产受抑制程度存在着品种间的差异.营养生长诸性状中,伤流速度受过湿处理影响最大,处理区的伤流速度仅为对照区的64.2%.过湿处理导致伤流液中氮含量几乎减少了一半,伤流中的氮含量与叶片氮素含量之间存在极显著正相关关系,过湿条件下叶片氮含量的减少是由于根的氮素吸收能力的低下所致.遭遇过湿逆境时的植株个体大小与维持物质生产关系密切.过湿处理期间及其后的干物质增加量的大小与以伤流速度为代表的根系活力密切相关,说明从田间管理技术上提高大豆的根系活力以维持水旱轮作大豆的干物质生产是可行的.     

Herbicide options for effective weed management in dry direct-seeded rice under scented rice-wheat rotation of western Indo-Gangetic Plains

Farmers' participatory field trials were conducted at Madhuban, and Taraori, the two participatory experimental sites/locations of the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA), a collaborative project of IRRI and CIMMYT in Karnal district of Haryana, India, during Kharif (wet season) 2010 and 2011. This research aimed to evaluate preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides for providing feasible and economically viable weed management options to farmers for predominant scented rice varieties. Treatments with pendimethalin PRE fb bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron POST had lower weed biomass at 45 days after sowing (DAS). At Madhuban, highest grain yield of scented basmati rice (3.43 t ha⁻¹) was recorded with the sequential application of pendimethalin PRE fb bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron POST. However, at Taraori, yields were similar with pendimethalin or oxadiargyl PRE fb bispyribac-sodium and/or azimsulfuron POST. Applying oxadiargyl by mixing with sand onto flooded field was less effective than spray applications in non-flooded field. The benefit-cost ratio of rice crop was higher with herbicide treatments at both sites as compared with the non-treated weed-free check except single PRE and POST applications and sequential application of oxadiargyl PRE fb oxadiargyl PRE. In a separate experiment conducted at Nagla and Taraori sites, scented rice cultivars' ('CSR 30′ and 'Pusa 1121′) tolerance to three rates of azimsulfuron (15, 25, and 35 g ai ha⁻¹) was evaluated over two years (2010 and 2011). CSR 30 (superfine, scented) was more sensitive to higher rates (35 g ai ha⁻¹) of azimsulfuron as compared to Pusa 1121 (fine, scented). Crop injuries were 8 and 28% in case of CSR 30; 5 and 15% in Pusa 1121 when applied with azimsulfuron 25 and 35 g ai ha⁻¹, respectively. Azimsulfuron applied at 35 g ai ha⁻¹ reduced yield in both cultivars but in CSR 30 yield reduction was twofold (11.5%) as that of Pusa 1121 (5.2%).     

Impact of different crop rotations and tillage systems on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat

Crop rotation and tillage systems have important implications for weed infestation and crop productivity. In this study, five tillage systems viz. zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT), deep tillage (DT), bed sowing (60/30 cm with four rows; BS₁) and bed sowing (90/45 cm with six rows; BS₂) were evaluated in five different crop rotations viz. fallow-wheat (FW), rice-wheat (RW), cotton-wheat (CW), mungbean-wheat (MW) and sorghum-wheat (SW) for their effect on weed infestation and productivity of bread wheat. Interaction between different tillage practices and cropping systems had significant effect on density and dry biomass of total, broadleaved and grass weeds, agronomic and yield-related traits, and grain yield of bread wheat. The un-disturbed soils (ZT) under fallow-wheat or mungbean-wheat rotations favoured the weed prevalence (a total weed dry biomass of 72.4–109.6 and 105.6–112.1 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Contrary to this, the disturbed soils (CT, DT, BS₁ and BS₂) had less weed infestation with either of the rotations (a total weed biomass of 0.4–7.1 and 1.1–5.4 g m⁻² in first and second year, respectively). Sorghum-wheat rotation had strong suppressive effect on weed infestation in all tillage systems. The impact of crop rotation was more visible during second year of experimentation. Bed sown wheat (BS₁ and BS₂) in mungbean-wheat rotation had the highest wheat grain yield (6.30–6.47 t ha⁻¹) compared to other tillage systems in different crop rotation combinations.     

茶园滴灌施肥的增产提质及土壤养分效应研究

以常规施肥作为对照,设计3个不同氮素用量(450、300、150 kg/hm2),研究了茶园滴灌施肥对茶叶产量、品质及土壤养分性状的影响。结果表明,滴灌施肥处理比对照增产3.4%～9.3%,施氮量与产量间呈明显正相关,以年施氮量300～450 kg/hm2产量较高,滴灌施肥对茶叶品质影响不显著。滴灌施肥处理成熟叶含氮量显著高于对照,且季节性差异明显,秋茶﹥夏茶﹥春茶,滴灌施肥可促进茶树对氮素的吸收利用。施肥方式对土壤pH值影响显著,滴灌施肥处理土壤pH值明显高于对照,可能因其氮素利用率较高而有助于减弱无机氮对土壤的酸化作用。