连作对马铃薯酚酸类自毒物质及根际真菌群落的影响

为研究连作对马铃薯根际土壤中酚酸类自毒物质及真菌群落的影响,通过收集不同连作季(1季、3季、5季)马铃薯根际土壤,利用高效液相色谱法测定酚酸类物质及Illumina高通量测序技术测定真菌ITS序列,结果表明:(1)连作土壤中检测出丁香酸、香豆酸、对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸,连作增强后,pH不断下降,对羟基苯甲酸、阿魏酸含量不断增加,丁香酸、香豆酸在连作3季后含量最高。(2)连作3季及5季根际土壤中真菌多样性及丰度均显著高于连作1季,子囊菌门为连作土壤的优势菌门;节丛孢属为连作3季的优势菌属,盘菌属为连作5季的优势菌种;对连作土壤进行主成分分析,连作1季与连作3季真菌群落及数量相似,与连作5季差异较大。(3)自毒物质与根际真菌群落存在相关性,丁香酸与琏格霉属,香草酸与盘菌属丰度达极显著正相关;阿魏酸与盘菌属丰度间为显著负相关。因此,连作后根际土壤中自毒物质不断积累,真菌群落结构发生改变,琏格孢霉、镰刀菌等有害真菌富集。     

The hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR) for microalgal production

A hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR) for the mass production of microalgae was designed, constructed and preliminarily evaluated. The 9266-l experimental system consists of two enclosed turbidostats hydraulically linked to a series of six open continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactors (CFSTRs). The system was monitored and controlled using GENESIS process control software. A production study was preformed using Isochrysis sp. (C-iso) to assess system stability and production potential under commercial-like conditions. The study was performed at the following target system parameters: system dilution rate of 0.49 per day, pH 7.6, NITROGEN=10 mg l⁻¹, PHOSPHORUS=2 mg l⁻¹, and artificial illumination (photosynthetic photon flux density) from 1000 W metal halide LAMPS=800 μmol s⁻¹ m⁻². At steady state conditions, daily harvested algal paste was 1454 g (wet), mean areal system PRODUCTIVITY=47.8±3.04 g m⁻² per day (17.1±1.09 g C m⁻² per day) and mean CFSTR6 DENSITY=105.5±6.71 mg l⁻¹.     

Outdoor phytoplankton continuous culture in a marine fish–phytoplankton–bivalve integrated system: combined effects of dilution rate and ambient conditions on growth rate, biomass and nutrient cycling

Natural phytoplankton populations were cultured in outdoor continuous cultures using fish-farm effluents as the source of nutrients. The dilution rate was assumed to be the integrating factor of phytoplankton growth and biomass development (flux and stock). In this context, the combined effects of (i) dilution rates of the outdoor culture and (ii) ambient conditions were tested on phytoplankton growth, biomass and cycling of the major nutrient elements (C, N and P). Experiments were carried out in outdoor polyester tanks (0.7 m deep), homogenised by gentle aeration. Si/P ratio was balanced at around 5 in the inflow in order to induce diatom domination while maintaining high N and P assimilation by phytoplankton. Nutrient cycling was assessed through analyses of the different forms of particulate and dissolved nutrients in the inflow and the outflow. Culture dilution rates determined the longevity of the culture and the assimilation efficiency of nutrients. Dissolved phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient. The optimal dilution rate was approximately 0.5 day⁻¹ at 10 °C and 1.5 day⁻¹ at 20 °C with a mean diatom biomass of 9 μM P. Under these conditions, 80% of the dissolved nutrients provided to the tanks were transformed, a production of 8 g C m⁻² day⁻¹ and an assimilation rate of 0.3 g P m⁻² day⁻¹ were recorded. Assimilation by diatoms was the major pathway of nutrient cycling. During the experiment, a bottom sediment developed progressively and this also played an important role in denitrifying the excess dissolved nitrogen in the fish-farm effluent. However, the results showed that diatom biomass can collapse and we hypothesize that this was the consequence of an increase in cellular sinking rates due to cell aggregation under nutrient or light stress. Modelling approaches are needed in future research in order to determine optimal dilution rates taking into account phytoplankton growth rates, nutrient inputs and ambient conditions (e.g. light and temperature).     

松江鲈鱼初期胚后发育阶段消化系统组织学的初步研究

实验通过对松江鲈鱼(Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel)仔鱼的消化道进行从口腔到尾部的连续切片,观察其消化道的组织学结构。结果表明:①松江鲈鱼仔鱼在出膜后1d与2d的消化道组织结构简单,肠腔部分位置堵塞,未见畅通,仔鱼靠自身的卵黄囊进行营养。②出膜3d后的松江鲈鱼仔鱼消化道畅通,可进行主动摄食。了解到这一情况,并根据其当时精确的口径大小,可为解决松江鲈鱼仔鱼开口时间与选择合适开口饵料提供理论依据。     

水中高锰酸盐指数测定的连续流动分析法

[目的]建立水中高锰酸盐指数测定的连续流动分析法.[方法]在波长520 nm,电压220V,进样时间60s,清洗时间80s,空气0s,反应温度95℃的仪器条件下,对高锰酸盐指数标准系列进行测定,绘制标准曲线;按照同样试验步骤,计算方法检出限及平均加标回收率.[结果]建立了饮用水中高锰酸盐指数测定的连续流动分析法,方法的相关系数为0.999,最低检出浓度为0.063 mg/L,平均加标回收率为100.8％.[结论]该研究建立的方法精密度高,适用于水中高锰酸盐指数的测定.     

土壤改良剂对大棚辣椒连作土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]为了研究土壤改良剂对上海高桥地区不同连作年限土壤理化性质的影响。[方法]选取连作年限土壤为1、5和6年的3个大棚,分别测定土壤p H、电导率、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾等主要养分含量。[结果]施用土壤改良剂能够有效缓解土壤盐渍化和酸化程度,显著增加土壤有机质含量,均衡土壤营养元素,改善施用有机肥导致的元素富集现象,明显改良土壤理化性质。[结论]在上海高桥地区的农业实际生产中,施用主要成分为石灰氮、秸秆和有机质的土壤改良剂是切实可行的,能够明显改善高桥地区土壤的理化性质。     

Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed

Twelve algal strains representing the classes Cyanophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Rhodophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Xantophyceae and Eustigmatophyceae were selected mainly from the culture collection of the Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA). The algae were grown as continuous cultures in a 1.8 l. reactor, internally illuminated with an 11 W fluorescent tube. The retention time was adjusted in the range 2–4 days to fit the growth rate of the algae. The growth responses and fatty acid composition were analysed. The maximum production rate was obtained with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (0.63 g 1⁻¹ day⁻¹) and the lowest with Porphyridium cruentum 0.13 g 1⁻¹ day⁻¹. Arachidonic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the dominating polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in P. cruentum, while only EPA accumulated in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was the major PUFA in Isochrysis galbana, while Pavlova sp. had both EPA and DHA. This is the first report on the fatty acid profiles of Nannochloropsis oceanica, Chroococcus sp., Synechococcus sp. and Tribonema sp.     

设施园艺连作障碍研究进展

随着经济的发展,设施园艺正趋于规模化和产业化。在经济效益的驱使下,设施园艺发生了大面积的连作障碍,从而限制了设施园艺的可持续发展。该研究从土壤的理化性质、生态环境、植物的自毒作用等方面阐述了连作障碍产生的原因,并提出一系列缓解措施,旨在为设施园艺连作障碍的研究提供一定的参考依据。     

长期轮作连作对不同作物土壤磷组分的影响

对长期轮作连作条件下的大豆、玉米、小麦土壤磷组分进行研究,试验结果表明,供试土壤在不施肥情况下,土壤全磷以轮作区降幅最大,而土壤有效磷以小麦连作区降幅最大,土壤磷组分以大豆连作区土壤中的Ca2-P降幅最大;在施有机肥的情况下,土壤全磷以大豆连作区增幅最大,而土壤有效磷以轮作区增幅最小,土壤磷组分以轮作土壤中的Ca2-P增幅最大。