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71.
In the last decade the gluten free market has grown rapidly, driven by a greater awareness of coeliac disease and gluten intolerance, but also by consumers choosing to follow a gluten-free diet. This has resulted in a greater range of higher quality products being available, however the nutritional profile may still be inferior, and the taste and texture is not the same as traditional wheat-based products. Epitopes in glutenins and gliadins that cause coeliac disease are well characterised, and research efforts are focused on understanding the impact of environmental and management practices on the expression of these proteins, as well as strategies to remove these epitopes, both through conventional breeding and genetic engineering. Here we provide an overview of these research efforts, the potential impact on end product quality as well as current research to accurately quantify the gluten content in foods and beverages to ensure the safety of products for those who are required to avoid gluten for medical reasons.  相似文献   
72.
Storage retrogradation behavior and properties of sorghum, maize, and rice starches were compared to better understand the relationship of amylopectin fine structure to quality issues. Long-term changes in texture of starch gels were attributed to amylopectin retrogradation. In starch pastes aged 7 days at 4 °C, change in the storage modulus (ΔG) during heating (representing intermolecular associations) was highly and positively correlated (r = 0.93, p < 0.01) with the proportion of fraction I (FrI) long chains from debranched amylopectin. One sorghum cultivar, Mota Maradi, showed a dramatic increase in the storage modulus (G′) over the 7 day storage period that was related to its high proportion of FrI. Pastes/gels made from starches with normal (20–30%) amylose content and higher proportions of FrI long chains from debranched amylopectin tended to become firmer with more syneresis during extended storage. Both degree of polymerization measurements and previous models for amylopectin structure indicate that FrI represents long B chains of amylopectin. Cereal cultivars having amylopectin structures with lower proportion of long B chains were speculated to give improved quality products with lower rates of retrogradation and staling. This is particularly an issue in sorghum foods where products generally lack storage stability and tend to stale relatively quickly.  相似文献   
73.
74.
基于自适应加权数据融合的粮食水分快速测定仪   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
提出了一种基于单传感器重复采样的粮食水分快速测定自适应加权数据融合方法,新设计的粮食水分快速测定仪器,克服了同类产品目前存在的一些问题,达到了快速,准确测定的目的,已在我国粮油行业推广使用。  相似文献   
75.
用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定谷物中12种真菌毒素   总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11  
建立了简单、快速、同步测定谷物中12种常见真菌毒素的超高效液相色谱串联质谱分析方法。样品用80%乙腈水溶液振荡提取,多功能净化柱净化,Waters ACQUITY UPLCTMBEH C18色谱柱分离, 串联四极杆质谱多反应离子监测方式检测,并采用外标法定量。结果表明, 12种真菌毒素在各自的线性响应范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数均不低于0.998,12种真菌毒素的检出限为0.016~1.000 μg kg-1,低、中、高3个加标水平的平均回收率(n = 6)为60.0%~122.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.9%~20.3%。该方法具有前处理简单、净化效果好、灵敏度高和检测速度快的优点,适用于谷物样品中多组分真菌毒素残留的分离和定量检测。  相似文献   
76.
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the palatability of sorghum, maize, rye and lupine for pigs. Diets containing sorghum, maize, rye or lupine (test diets) were offered in a series of double choice tests against a reference diet. To prepare the reference diets, white broken rice in the experiments with cereals, and SBM-56 (a soy protein product low in anti-nutritional factors) in the experiment with lupine, were used as the cereal and the protein source of reference, respectively. Six test diets containing sorghum, maize or rye were prepared by replacing either 250 or 500 g kg− 1 of broken rice from the reference diet. Similarly, two test diets containing lupine were prepared by replacing 75 or 150 g kg− 1 of SBM-56 from the reference diet. Additionally, the pure ingredients were also evaluated against pure broken rice (sorghum, maize or rye) and pure SBM-56 (lupine). In each experiment, the corresponding ingredient was tested at two levels of inclusion and in pure form, using both newly weaned pigs and pigs at four weeks post-weaning. The palatability for each test diet expressed as % of preference was calculated as the percentage contribution of the test diet to total feed intake (test + reference diets). The preferences obtained ranged between 16 and 29% for sorghum, 16 and 35% for maize and 19 and 49% for rye. Except for rye at 500 g kg− 1 (49%), preference values were significantly different from 50% which indicates a higher preference for the broken rice in the reference diet than for sorghum, maize and rye. Preference for lupine ranged between 39 and 56% and no difference in preference was observed between the lupine in the test diets and the SBM-56 in the reference diets. The dietary preferences could already be observed in the first days of experiment, and they did not change substantially thereafter. The levels of inclusion tested did not have an effect on preference for any of the ingredients. The age of the animals did not affect preference and the values obtained in newly weaned and post-weaned pigs were generally in good agreement. However the use of the older animals resulted in higher feed intakes and more accurate measurements. It is concluded that feedstuff palatability can be quantified with a double choice protocol using a reference diet. This should allow the formulation of feeds for weaning pigs taking into account the palatability of the ingredients, in addition to other nutritional criteria. Preference evaluation may become a useful tool to improve the palatability of the diets and facilitate piglets feed initiation at weaning.  相似文献   
77.
The Suitability of Grains from Cereal Crops with Different N Supply for Bioethanol Production
The properties of grains of different small grain cereals, produced under increasing N-supply levels, for conversion into bioerhanol were investigated. Grain material of winterwheat, -rye and -triticale, two cultivars each, was used At two locations, field experiments comprising several N-fertilization levels between 0 and 180 kg N/ha were conducted. The main parameters analysed were the bioethanol output (1 bioethanol/dt grain dry matter) and the bioethanol yield (1 bioethanol/ha), both under addition and without addition of technical enzymes. Furthermore, the falling numbers, the protein content and die autoamylolytic quotient (AAQ) were determined. AAQ means the autoamylolytic bioethanol output related to die output under addition of technical enzymes. With a rising N-supply, yields/ha and die protein contents of grain increased differently. Combined with increasing protein contents, decreasing bioethanol outputs were measured, particularly with wheat, to a smaller extent with triticale, and to an even lesser extent with rye. Only with wheat were die AAQ-values significantly reduced as a consequence of rising N-supply levels. In interaction with growing conditions, cultivars and N-levels, the bioethanol yields/ha of rye and triticale equalled or even surpassed the yields of wheat, particularly under autoamylolytic-conversion processing conditions.  相似文献   
78.
Lepidopteran stem borers are the main pests of cereals in Ethiopia. In recent years, habitat management techniques, which aim at increasing plant biodiversity through mixed cropping, have gained increased attention in stem borer control. In the present study, the profitability of mixed cropping of maize with haricot beans at different ratios and the effect on infestation of maize by stem borers, yield and borer parasitism were studied in Melkassa and Mieso, Ethiopia, in a field experiment under natural infestation. In Melkassa, pest infestations were too low for the cropping system to affect pests, plant damage and yields significantly, whereas in Mieso, where the pest densities were high, intercropping of maize with beans at ratios of 1:1 to 2:1 significantly decreased borer densities compared with pure maize stands. Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and Cotesia flavipes. (Cameron) were the major stem borer and parasitoid species, respectively, recorded both at Melkassa and Mieso. Borer parasitism was higher at Mieso than at Melkassa and tended to increase with the increase of the haricot bean ratio in the intercropping system. Land equivalent ratios of >1 indicated higher land use efficiency in mixed compared with sole cropping, even if pest densities were low.  相似文献   
79.
以中国知网(CNKI)《中国学术期刊网络出版总库》和《中国引文数据库》为基础,以《食品科学》、《食品工业科技》、《食品与发酵工业》和《中国粮油学报》为研究对象,运用网络计垂学方法对四种食品工业类重点中文核心期刊在2006-2010期间的论文发表和论文被引进行统计分析。结果表明《食品科学》综合影响力最强。而其他三种期刊分别在工艺、食品生物工程和粮油食品领域具有明显的影响力。提高国际影响力是今后食品中文期刊发展的重点方向。  相似文献   
80.
 Pot and field experiments were conducted to determine microbial immobilization of N fertilizer during growth periods of winter wheat and winter barley. In a pot experiment with winter wheat, Ca(15NO3)2 was applied at tillering [Zadok's growth stage (GS) 25)], stem elongation (GS 31) and ear emergence (GS 49). Rates of 100 mg N pot–1, 200 mg N pot–1 or 300 mg N pot–1 were applied at each N application date. At crop maturity, 15N-labelled fertilizer N immobilization was highest at the highest N rate (3×300 mg N pot–1). For each N-rate treatment about 50% of the total immobilized fertilizer N was immobilized from the first N dressing, and 30% and 20% of the total 15N immobilized was derived from the second and third applications, respectively. In field trials with winter wheat (three sites) and winter barley (one site) N was applied at the same growth stages as for the pot trial. N was also applied to fallow plots, but only at GS 25. N which was not recovered (neither in crops nor in soil mineral N pools) was considered to represent net immobilized N. A clear effect of N rate (51–255 kg N ha–1) on net N immobilization was not found. The highest net N immobilization was found for the period between GS 25 (March) and GS 31 (late April) which amounted to 54–97% of the total net N immobilized at harvest (July/August). At GS 31, non-recovered N was found to be of similar magnitude for cropped and fallow plots, indicating that C from roots did not affect net N immobilization. Microbial biomass N (Nmic) was determined for cropped plots at GS 31. Although Nmic tended to be higher in fertilized than in unfertilized plots, fertilizer-induced increases in Nmic and net N immobilization were poorly correlated. It can be concluded that microbial immobilization of fertilizer N is particularly high after the first N application when crop growth and N uptake are low. Received: 6 July 1999  相似文献   
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