生态因子与烤烟中性挥发性香气物质的关系研究

研究生态因子与烤烟中性挥发性香气物质的关系,结果表明:海拔高度、年有效积温、年日均温、种植期均温和无霜期对类胡萝卜素降解产物都有促进作用,年日照时数和年降水量与其存在二次抛物线关系;芳香族氨基酸类物质与生态因子中的温度条件间相关关系不显著,而与海拔、年日照时数和年降水量间相关关系显著;酚类降解产物与海拔高度存在着随海拔高度升高而增加的趋势;美拉德反应产物与温度条件的关系密切;西柏烷类物质在高海拔、中等水分和较高温度条件下更有利于其合成积累,光照强弱对其影响不大;新植二烯在时照时射、和煦的天气条件下容易降解和积累。     

四川兴文县农田生态系统碳源/汇现状特征研究

采用2003～2010年四川省兴文县农业投入和产出相关农业数据,对农田生态系统的碳源/汇现状特征进行了研究。结果表明:①2003～2010年兴文县农田生态系统碳吸收量呈持续增加趋势,2010年碳吸收量达183 487.22 t,比2003年提高了8.76%。②2003～2010年兴文县农田生态系统排放量总体呈增加的趋势,从2003年的10443.06 t增加到2010年的11955.70 t,化肥施用是导致碳损失的主要途径。③兴文县农田生态系统的碳吸收大于碳排放,具有较强的碳汇能力,但碳排放的增长大于碳吸收的增长,对农田碳汇培育形式压力。     

草莓大棚内沼气池的生态效益分析

沼气池建在大棚内可增加沼气池的冬季产气量,沼气燃烧可为作物提供CO2气肥、光照及热量,沼渣、沼液亦可作为肥料和植保产品施用,具有较好的综合效益。为了弄清沼气池在大棚内的生态效益,本文对沼气池在草莓大棚内应用的经济效益、碳减排效果及对土壤质量的影响做了估算和分析。结果显示,沼气池建在大棚内可增加经济收入5 436元,而沼气池建在大棚外亦可增加经济收入1 126元,其固态投资收益率分别为187.19%和42.65%;将沼气池(10 m3)建在大棚外,可减少温室气体排放0.164 t CO2当量,而将沼气池建在大棚内每年可减少温室气体排放0.423 t CO2当量;沼气池在草莓大棚内应用后可有效增加土壤氮磷钾含量,降低土壤容重,提高土壤质量。与建在棚外相比,将沼气池建在棚内可获得更好的综合效益。     

不同产地南丰蜜桔果实品质和蔗糖代谢相关酶研究

[目的]探索不同产地南丰蜜桔果实品质的差异及其与蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的关系,为指导南丰蜜橘的适度生产、保持地域产品声誉以及科学发展名贵稀有物种提供参考依据。[方法]研究分析了6个不同产地南丰蜜桔果实的主要品质特性和蔗糖代谢相关酶活性特征。[结果]南丰原产地的南丰蜜桔中总糖含量、尤其还原糖含量、糖酸比、固酸比均优于其他产地的果品,故体现出品质优异;不同产地南丰蜜桔中积累的可溶性糖种类含量存在差异;通过对蔗糖中性转化酶(NI)活性与还原糖含量、蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性与蔗糖含量的相关性分析发现,还原糖与NI活性存在极显著正相关,蔗糖含量与SPS和SS活性之和存在显著相关性。[结论]该研究结果为南丰蜜桔引种种植范围的界定及品质的保证提供了参考依据。     

河南省区域内不同土地利用类型的碳排放效应分析

采用2004～2008年河南省主要土地利用方式相关数据,研究了河南省碳排放和碳吸收的计算方法,分析了年河南省碳排放量的走势以及区域性差异,并结合河南省碳总排放量和碳总吸收量的比较结果,得出相关结论和土地结构调整的几点建议。     

广东省桉树碳储量和碳汇价值估算

利用雷州林业局2002年二次森林清查资料和广东省林业调查的研究资料,分析了不同龄组的桉树各器官的碳含量在乔木碳含量中的比例,并初步探讨碳密度随蓄积量的变化趋势,在此基础上估算了2002年广东省桉树林的碳储量和碳汇价值。结果表明,不同龄组各组分碳含量比例有明显差异,桉树的碳含量主要表现为树干的碳含量。对于幼龄林,各器官所含碳含量的分配格局是干>皮>叶>根>枝,对于中龄林、近成熟林、成熟林和过熟林,各器官的碳含量分配格局基本一致,为干>根>皮>枝>叶。不同龄组的碳密度,均随林分蓄积量的增加而增加。2002年广东省桉树总碳储量约为1 153.32万t,其中中龄林碳储量最多为443.13万t,而过熟林由于立地面积较少,仅为21.65万t。成熟林的碳密度最大,为50.50 t/hm2,碳密度最小的是幼龄林,为12.72 t/hm2。采用造林成本法和瑞典碳税法计算不同龄组桉树的碳汇价值,结果表明,成熟林最高,为12 695.06～51 280.18元/hm2。两种估价方法取平均,估算2002年广东省桉树的碳汇总价值为51.92亿元。     

Multivariate conditional stochastic simulation of soil heterotrophic respiration at plot scale

Soil heterotrophic respiration fluxes at plot scale exhibit substantial spatial and temporal variability. Within this study secondary information was used to spatially predict heterotrophic respiration. Chamber-based measurements of heterotrophic respiration fluxes were repeated for 15 measurement campaigns within a bare 13 × 14 m² soil plot. Soil water contents and temperatures were measured simultaneously with the same spatial and temporal resolution. Further, we used measurements of soil organic carbon content and apparent electrical conductivity as well as the prior measurement of the target variable. The previous variables were used as co-variates in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis to spatially predict bare soil respiration. In particular the prior measurement of the target variable, the soil water content and the apparent electrical conductivity, showed a certain, even though limited, predictive power. In the first step we applied external drift kriging and regression kriging to determine the improvement of using co-variates in an estimation procedure in comparison to ordinary kriging. The improvement using co-variates ranged between 40 and 1% for a single measurement campaign. The difference in improving the prediction of respiration fluxes between external drift kriging and regression kriging was marginal. In a second step we applied sequential Gaussian simulations conditioned with external drift kriging to generate more realistic spatial patterns of heterotrophic respiration at plot scale. Compared to the estimation approaches the conditional stochastic simulations revealed a significantly improved reproduction of the probability density function and the semivariogram of the original point data.     

Inter-annual variation in soil extra-cellular enzyme activity in response to simulated global change and fire disturbance

The interactive effects of global change drivers (e.g. climate change, nitrogen deposition, and elevated CO₂) on soil microbial activity have important implications for ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling. However, these interactions have primarily been explored in single-year, single-factor studies despite the reality of multiple simultaneous global changes. We measured the activity of six enzymes (β-glucosidase, α-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, xylosidase, acid phosphatase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase) for 3 years (2004-2006) following wildfire (2003) at the Jasper Ridge Global Change Experiment (JRGCE), a long-term multi-factor global change experiment in a California annual grassland. JRGCE manipulations include climate change (elevated temperature and precipitation), nitrogen addition, and elevated CO₂. In general we found only minimal interactions among treatments and found the strongest main effects from nitrogen addition and burning. Enzyme activities increased under elevated nitrogen, a response that persisted throughout the 3 years of the study. Wildfire was slightly related to decreased enzyme activities (by 10-20%) in 2004, with a larger decrease (by 25-50%) in 2005. The response was gone by 2006, suggesting that the microbial community was able to recover by 3 years following wildfire. Finally, enzyme responses to treatments, even where statistically significant, were of smaller magnitude than annual variation in activity. We propose that overall decreases in enzyme activity from 2004 to 2006 were due to decreased temperature and increased precipitation in 2005 and 2006 relative to 2004. Our results suggest that while it is important to assess response to specific global change treatment and treatment interactions, these responses (A) may change over time and (B) should be characterized within the context of inter-annual fluctuation in microbial community function.     

Regional and local factors affecting diversity, abundance and activity of free-living, N2-fixing bacteria in Australian agricultural soils

N₂-fixation by free-living (diazotrophic) microorganism is a key process affecting ecosystem functioning in soils. Understanding drivers affecting diazotrophic community assemblages and activities may lead to management practices to increase primary production and/or environmental sustainability. We used PCR-DGGE to determine the fundamental relationships between diazotrophic community structure and in a wide range of soils across southern Australia. In addition qPCR, RT-qPCR and N₂-fixation (acetylene reduction) were used to investigate factors influencing gene abundance, expression and processes in similar soils with different agricultural inputs. Across 22 soils, the structural composition of the nifH community was significantly influenced by site (ANOSIM R = 0.876; P = 0.001). The effects of management practices were evident, and often larger than between-soil differences, but were only present at some sites. Differences in nifH communities between sites correlated to particulate organic carbon (POC; measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy) content of the soils (BIO-ENV test; ρ = 0.502; P = 0.001), but not other factors including total soil C. In 3 soils from the Murrumbidgee irrigation region of NSW, intensification of the farming systems was associated with increasing N₂-fixation (P < 0.05), except where rice was cultivated. N₂-fixation correlated either with nifH abundance or gene expression in soils, but not both. Our data shows that soil C is closely linked to diazotrophic ecology. Principally, the amount of C entering the soil system is directly related to the abundance and N₂-fixation activity of free-living bacteria. However, we also show that C in the POC pool has associative links to the genetic diversity of the soil diazotroph community. Given the importance of diversity and abundance of functional organisms in supporting ecosystem processes, we suggest that soil C inputs should be considered for both qualitative and quantitative properties when considering impacts on diazotrophic bacterial ecology.     

Effect of Post-Anthesis Water Stress on Accumulation of Dry Matter, Carbon and Nitrogen and Their Partitioning in Wheat Varieties Differing in Drought Tolerance

In four wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of tall (C306 and Narmada) and dwarf (HD2329 and Kundan) type, post-anthesis water stress affected the dry matter accumulation in plant parts with respect to main shoot controls. HD2329 among the dwarf types and Narmada 112 among the tall types were more adversely affected by stress, with greater reductions in their biomass and grain yield. Of the tolerant types, C306 (tall) showed a marginal reduction while Kundan (dwarf) had no reduction in these parameters as a result of stress. The results also indicated a varietal response to carbon and nitrogen accumulation and their partitioning in the main shoot when subjected to post-anthesis stress. In the susceptible dwarf cultivar HD2329, and in the susceptible tall cultivar Narmada 112, carbon and nitrogen contents were reduced in the grains of stressed main shoots. Of the tolerant cultivars, the dwarf type Kundan was not affected by stress, while the tall type C306 registered an increase in carbon content and its partitioning to grain.