Biological control of fusarium crown and root rot of tomato with antagonistic bacteria and integrated control when combined with the fungicide carbendazim

Two bacterial isolates, Bacillus megaterium (c96) and Burkholderia cepacia (c91), demonstrated to be antagonistic against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici , the causal organism of fusarium crown and root rot of tomato, were evaluated as biocontrol agents alone and when integrated with the fungicide carbendazim. In an initial screening, these isolates reduced disease incidence by 75 and 88%, respectively. In vitro , both biocontrol agents were highly tolerant to the fungicide carbendazim, commonly used to control fusarium diseases. Carbendazim reduced disease symptoms by over 50% when used at > 50  µ g mL⁻¹, but had little effect at lower concentrations. Combination of the bacterial isolates and carbendazim gave significant ( P  ≤ 0·05) control of the disease when plants were artificially inoculated with the pathogen. Application of carbendazim at a low concentration (1  µ g mL⁻¹) in combination with B. cepacia c91 reduced disease symptoms by 46%, compared with a reduction of 20% obtained with the bacterium alone and no control with the chemical treatment alone. A combination of B. megaterium c96 with an increased application rate of 10  µ g mL⁻¹ carbendazim significantly reduced disease symptoms by 84% compared with inoculated controls and by 77% compared with carbendazim treatment alone. In this experiment, the integrated treatment also slightly outperformed application of 100  µ g mL⁻¹ carbendazim, and bacteria applied without fungicide also provided good disease control.     

Development of Increased Oxolinic Acid-resistance in Burkholderia glumae

Genomic DNA, partially digested with Sau3AI, of Burkholderia glumae Pg-13, resistant to oxolinic acid (OA), was ligated into pUC118, and Escherichia coli DH5α resistant to 2.5 μg/ml OA was transformed with the plasmid. After incubation on a medium supplemented with 20 μg/ml OA, a clone harboring pB′46 was selected. The nucleotide sequence of the 724-bp insert of pB′46 had no homology to any characterized gene. B. glumae Pg-5, resistant to 10 μg/ ml OA, was transformed with plasmid pUCD3101B′46 containing the insert. An obtained transformant, B25, was resistant to 50 μg/ml OA and had greater resistance to other quinolones than did Pg-5. Transformants of OA-sensitive B. glumae with pUCD3101B′46 had OA sensitivity similar to that of the parental isolates. Received 18 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 18 October 2000     

Occurrence of bacterial rot of onion bulbs caused by Burkholderia cepacia in Japan

In 2001, a bacterial rot of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs was observed in Japan. The causal agent was identified as Bukholderia cepacia (Palleroni & Holmes 1981 ex Burhkolder 1950) Yabuuchi, Kosako, Oyaizu, Yano, Hotta, Ezaki, and Arakawa 1993. The identified bacteria were divided into two groups (Y and W) based on colony colors, and several phenotypic and genetic characteristics. Based on recA polymerase chain reaction assays, the strains of the Y and W groups belong to genomovar I (B. cepacia sensu stricto) and genomovar III (B. cenocepacia), respectively.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers AB162427 and AB162428     

Development and clinical evaluation of a PCR assay targeting the metalloprotease gene (mprA) of B. pseudomallei

A PCR assay targeting the metalloprotease gene (mprA) of Burkholderia pseudomallei was developed for the specific detection of this organism in pure cultures and clinical samples. All other closely related organisms including B. mallei the causative agent of glanders, and B. thailandensis tested negative. Burkholderia pseudomallei DNA was successfully amplified from paraffin-embedded lung tissue of a camel with a generalized B. pseudomallei infection. The developed PCR assay can be used as a simple tool for the specific and sensitive detection of B. pseudomallei.     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌0107产脂肪酶发酵条件优化研究

[目的]对洋葱伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia cepacia）0107产脂肪酶发酵条件进行优化。[方法]探讨碳源、氮源、诱导物和pH值等条件对产脂肪酶的影响。[结果]较为合适的培养基组成为玉米粉1.50%,蛋白胨1.50%,橄榄油1.00%,K2HPO40.20%,MgSO40.05%。较优化的培养条件为：起始pH值9.0,30℃培养60h,酶活达9.15U/ml,与初始相比酶活提高1.7倍。酶的最适pH值和温度分别为8.5和所60℃,70℃保温2h酶活稳定,这些性质都有利于对动植物油脂的转酯化。[结论]该研究为洋葱伯克霍尔德菌0107所产酶的广泛应用奠定了基础。     

吡咯伯克霍尔德菌WY6-5的溶磷、抑菌与 促玉米生长作用研究

【目的】筛选兼具高效溶磷和抑菌作用的微生物,检测其溶磷效果和抑菌活性,鉴定抑菌代谢产物,并分析筛选微生物对植物生长的作用,为新型多功能抑菌微生物菌肥的研发提供材料。【方法】采集信阳毛尖茶车云山茶厂百年龄茶树根际土壤,稀释后涂布难溶性无机磷或难溶性有机磷培养基表面,培养后检测溶磷活性,测定溶磷圈直径,筛选具有高效溶磷作用的微生物,进行后续溶磷效果分析。高效溶磷菌WY6-5接种于培养液和土壤中,检测不同培养时间下,可溶性磷含量的变化规律,分析菌株WY6-5的溶磷活性;玉米盆栽土壤中接种菌株WY6-5菌液,种植27 d后分析玉米植株长势,检测溶磷菌WY6-5对苗期玉米生长的影响;采用双皿对扣培养法,验证菌株WY6-5产挥发性物质的抑菌作用,检测其对不同病原真菌的广谱抑菌效果,气相色谱串接质谱（GC-MS/MS）分析挥发性代谢物质,鉴定主效抑菌成分。【结果】筛选到3个兼具有降解难溶性无机磷和有机磷作用的微生物菌株,尤以菌株WY6-5溶磷效果最优。培养基培养条件下,对难溶性无机磷的溶解直径达2.3 cm,溶磷圈直径与菌落直径比为4.6;对难溶性有机磷溶解直径3.6 cm,溶磷圈直径与菌落直径比达7.2。表型观察、生理生化鉴定和系统发育树分析表明,菌株WY6-5为乳白色细菌,16S rRNA序列与Burkholderia pyrrocinia CIP 105874和Burkholderia stabilis CIP 106845两个菌株的同源性最高,进化树中聚成独立一支。另外,WY6-5与Burkholderia pyrrocinia具有高度相同的生理生化反应结果。因此,本研究将WY6-5鉴定为吡咯伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia pyrrocinia）。WY6-5在液体培养和土壤中均具有较好的溶磷活性,20 d培养时间内,液体培养液中磷含量最高达520.4 mg·L ^-1,为对照组176倍;土壤试验3—20 d期间,WY6-5处理组可溶性磷含量均高于对照组,且在盆栽试验中,能高效促进苗期玉米植株的生长,处理组叶长、叶宽、叶片数、茎粗、株高、鲜重等指标显著优于对照组;同时,菌株WY6-5还可产生挥发性抑菌物质,高效广谱抑制8种重要病原真菌的生长,抑菌率最高达100%,经GC-MS/MS检测发现,挥发性物质含有一种主效抑菌物,相对丰度达97%以上,鉴定为二甲基二硫。 【结论】吡咯伯克霍尔德菌（Burkholderia pyrrocinia）WY6-5分离自茶树根际土壤,在培养基、培养液和土壤环境下,均具有高效的溶磷效果,将难溶性的无机磷转化为植物可吸收的可溶性磷,并促进苗期玉米植株的生长;同时该菌还可产生挥发性抑菌物质二甲基二硫,高效抑制8种重要植物病原真菌的生长,抑制率最高达100%。菌株WY6-5兼具有提升土壤磷肥力、促进植物生长和和抑制真菌病害等多种重要作用,具有较好的生物学功能。     

Inhibitory effect of ACC deaminase‐producing bacteria on crown gall formation in tomato plants infected by Agrobacterium tumefaciens or A. vitis

This study showed that various rhizosphere bacteria producing the enzyme 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (ACCD), which can degrade ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene in plants, and thereby lower plant ethylene levels, can act as promising biocontrol agents of pathogenic strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. vitis. Soaking the roots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings in a suspension of the ACCD‐producing Pseudomonas putida UW4, Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN or Azospirillum brasilense Cd1843 transformed by plasmid pRKTACC carrying the ACCD‐encoding gene acdS from UW4, significantly reduced the development of tumours on tomato plants injected 4–5 days later with pathogenic Agrobacterium strains via wounds on the plant stem. The fresh mass of tumours formed by plants pretreated with ACCD‐producing strains was typically four‐ to fivefold less than that of tumours formed on control plants inoculated only with a pathogenic Agrobacterium strain. Simultaneously, the level of ethylene evolution per amount of tumour mass on plants pretreated with ACCD‐producing bacteria decreased four to eight times compared with that from tumours formed on control plants or plants pretreated with bacteria deficient in ACCD production. Moreover, transgenic tomato plants expressing a bacterial ACCD were found to be highly resistant to crown gall formation relative to the parental, non‐transformed tomato plants. The results support the hypothesis that ethylene is a crucial factor in Agrobacterium tumour formation, and that ACCD‐produced rhizosphere bacteria may protect plants infected by pathogenic Agrobacteria from crown gall disease.     

解磷细菌筛选鉴定及其在香草兰上的应用效果研究

香草兰为喜磷作物,施用解磷微生物可减少肥料施用量,促进作物生长。采用磷酸盐生长培养基从香草兰种植园中筛选到6株可解磷的细菌,通过NBRIP液体培养基摇床培养3 d后,菌株V-29培养液中可溶性磷含量最高,达到475.3μg/m L。经16S r DNA分子鉴定该菌株为伯克霍尔德氏菌。通过温室盆栽试验研究了施用V-29及其制得的微生物有机肥料在香草兰上的应用效果。结果表明:施用由解磷细菌制得的微生物有机肥可显著提高香草兰茎蔓及根系干重,但单独接种解磷细菌处理与对照相比,差异不显著;施用微生物有机肥及接种解磷细菌均可提高土壤有效磷和植株全磷含量。     

嗜铁细菌C19对黄瓜种子发芽的影响及对芒果炭疽病生防效果初步评价

制备产嗜铁素细菌C19的培养液,并稀释成10倍,100倍,1000倍液浸种黄瓜种子,观察测算其发芽速率,结果表明100倍的菌夜处理后黄瓜种子发芽率最高,同时能较明显促进芽的生长。摩擦接种C19后喷雾芒果炭疽病孢子悬浮夜,保湿5天。结果显示C19处理过的芒果叶片发病率比未处理的芒果叶片少14%,病情指数也降低51.34。说明了嗜铁素细菌C19对芒果炭疽病有一定的生防作用。     

水稻上两类人体条件致病细菌的鉴别与检测

洋葱伯克氏菌（Burkholderia cepacia, Bc）和铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pa）既是农业上的生防菌又是医院的人体条件致病菌,了解它们的特征及在水稻上的分布情况是有效管理和利用这类原核生物的关键。在过去的9年中,利用常规细菌学、致病性测定、Biolog和脂肪酸分析（FAME）对采自平原、丘陵和山区稻区的631份稻谷样本和117份稻株样本进行了两类人体条件致病细菌的鉴定和检测研究。Bc菌和Pa菌可通过培养性状和常规细菌学方法作初步鉴别,Biolog和FAME能把它们鉴定到种,但Bc菌的基因型难以区分。Bc菌和Pa菌主要存在于水稻的根部;Bc菌和Pa菌在浙江的平原稻区分布最广,分别达6.1％和16.1％;在山区稻区最低, 分别为1.0％和7.8％。