冀北土石山区天然次生林山杨、白桦种群的空间分布格局

分析冀北土石山区典型天然次生阔叶林中的山杨、白桦种群的径级结构、空间分布格局及种内/种间的空间关联。结果表明:山杨、白桦均以中径木为主,林下缺乏可供更新的幼苗、幼树,种群呈现衰退趋势;山杨、白桦的全部个体在本研究尺度上呈聚集分布,随尺度的增大其聚集强度先增大后减小,并趋于随机分布;山杨、白桦种群随龄级增大,聚集强度减小,以幼树的聚集强度最大;不同生长阶段同种个体间的关联性随尺度的变化,出现正关联、负关联和相互独立的空间关系,以负关联为主;不同生长阶段的山杨和白桦种群间未出现正关联,大多数种对在本研究尺度上为负关联或者在大部分尺度上为负关联;山杨、白桦的种内/种间竞争激烈,群落整体结构不稳定,处于演替初期向中期过渡阶段。     

Influence of felling season,drying method and within-tree location on the brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content of wood from 27–35-year-old Betula pendula

The Brinell hardness and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) were measured from thinning-aged silver birch wood. Wood material both from the trees harvested in the first commercial thinning and from trees remaining on site after the thinning was included. The average Brinell hardness was 19.40 MPa. It correlated significantly with the basic density of wood. With respect to the distance from the pith, the Brinell hardness of air-dried wood was higher than that of artificially dried wood. The average EMC of the conditioned (20°C, 65% relative humidity) wood was 12.0%. The EMC of the wood also varied, with the EMC being higher for air-dried wood than for kiln-dried wood. EMC was the highest at a distance of 30–40 mm from the pith, decreasing towards both pith and log surface. Seasonal variation in both the Brinell hardness and the EMC of the wood was found. It was presumed to be a consequence of season-dependent physiological changes in trees.     

CIEL*a*b* Measurements to Determine the Role of Felling Season,Log Storage and Kiln Drying on Coloration of Silver Birch Wood

The effects of felling season, log storage and kiln drying on stemwood discoloration of sixty mature silver birches ( Betula pendula ) were studied and provided with CIEL*a*b* colour coordinates. The colour differences were expressed as j E* including split up of j L*, j a* and j b*. The results showed that fresh wood colour depends on the felling season: light and pale colours were recorded for samples taken from autumn- and winter-felled trees, whereas the colour of fresh wood was considerably darker if the felling took place in the spring or summer. After storage, notable changes in colour were observed. After drying, all samples showed low lightness, moderate redness and relatively high yellowness under the drying conditions used in the study regardless of the felling season or duration of storage. The main colour component responsible for the discoloration was lightness, while chroma values redness and yellowness played a minor role.     

Deciduous trees affect small-scale floristic diversity and tree regeneration in conifer forests

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the effects of deciduous trees on biodiversity, soil processes and long-term productivity in boreal, conifer-dominated forests. This study investigated whether individual birch trees allowed to grow to maturity in the coniferous forest can have a local effect on floristic richness and regeneration of tree saplings. The ground vegetation was compared in 2?m radius plots around the stem under the canopies of matched conifer–deciduous trees in a mature, conifer-dominated forest, and included in the analysis variables that could potentially mediate the tree effect (soil pH, cover of lichens, bryophytes, leaf and needle litter). The field layer vegetation was more species rich under birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) than under conifers (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris), and several vascular plant species (including saplings of tree species) occurred more often under birch than under conifers. However, when the effect of the number of subordinate trees was taken into account the difference between birch and pine was not significant. The number of tree regenerations (saplings) was lowest under pines, but did not differ between spruce and birch. There were no effects of the canopy species on soil pH or on cover of lichens and bryophytes. The difference in diversity may be caused by the different effects of leaf and needle litter, and it is also likely that canopy structure has an influence via interception and throughfall and by affecting the light and microclimate.     

光皮桦生长量分析及与杉木混交技术研究

以光皮桦(Betula luminifera)为基础,研究光皮桦与杉木之间进行混交的可行性。运用数理统计的方法从树高、胸径和材积等方面阐述二者混交的优点和可能性,并且通过南平市郊教学林场的试验得到证实。     

星天牛对光皮桦人工林危害的调查及防治

通过两处不同营林抚育措施下星天牛(Anoplophora chinensi)对光皮桦(Betula luminifera)人工林分的危害调查,结果发现:造林前不炼山造林后不修枝、连续进行割草3年的营林抚育措施在一定程度上可以抑制星天牛对光皮桦幼树的危害。光皮桦纯林、光皮桦杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)混交林均易遭受星天牛的危害,且以冲沟地段受害较为严重;光皮桦幼树被星天牛危害后枯死率极高,2年生幼树受害后枯死率达100%,3年生幼树受害后枯死率达的达75%。     

闽西南光皮桦不同家系试验初报

对福建省漳平五一国有林场营建的4年生光皮桦155个家系测定林的生长性状进行了调查分析,以单株材积遗传增益在15%、树高、胸径遗传增益在5%以上作为优良家系的选择依据,从155个家系中初步筛选出32个优良家系,其平均树高6.3 m,平均胸径6.1 cm,平均材积0.0106 m3,平均冠幅为3 m,其树高、胸径、材积的遗传增益分别为11.1%、16.2%、39.7%;以形质优良,绝对生长量大为主要指标,共选出53个优良个体,其平均树高7.6 m,平均胸径8.2 cm,平均材积0.0214 m3,平均冠幅为3.7 m,其树高、胸径、材积的遗传增益分别为26.9%、22.9%、96.0%。     

秦岭华山松红桦混交林与纯林生长调查

通过研究,17a生华山松混交林,树高、胸径和材积的总生长量均比同期纯林要大,树高、胸径的连年生长量下降趋势比纯林慢,材积连年生长量上升比纯林快.8a生华山松仅树高定期生长量比纯林大,胸径与材积定期生长量不及纯林.混交林的叶量、叶面积及单位重量的叶绿素含量均比纯林高.华山松营养根呈簇状疏散分布,无明显主根,根系分布浅而细根密集,根系总长度比纯林大20％以上,种间根系无互相排斥现象.     

德宏州西南桦人工林的生物多样性分析

生物多样性的保持是人工林发展过程中一个倍受关注的焦点问题,本研究选择德宏州的西南桦人工林作为研究对象,在样地调查的基础上,统计分析西南桦人工林的生物多样性状况。结果表明,调查的10块典型样地中,植物种类44－124种。西南桦人工林的群落结构包括单层纯林、单优多层多种林、混交林和林农作物间作等不同类别,并在人工林内记录到部分国家级和省级保护植物种类。通过与德宏州铜壁关自然保护区的天然西南桦林和同处云南热区的西双版纳普文试验林场西南桦人工林相对比,表明德宏州营建的西南桦人工林显现出较好的生物多样性恢复能力。     

东北白桦遗传效应分析与优异群体选择

[目的]系统分析了东北白桦家系子代树高、胸径和冠幅3个性状的变异程度和生长规律,筛选并推荐优异群体。[方法]以张广才岭和老爷岭自然分布的东北白桦为研究对象,采取固定标准地连续定位测定和临时标准地随机调查点面相结合的方法,系统分析了林分树高和胸径的生长动态规律,综合评价了数量性状的遗传效应。[结果]将东北白桦适生地域的立地条件划分4个立地级,各立地级的生长进程大致经历速生期、均稳生长期和缓慢生长期3个阶段,且不同立地级和不同生长阶段的林分生长量存在较大差异,但生长动态规律却趋于一致。群体间树高、胸径、东西冠幅和南北冠幅的变异幅度较大,差异极显著;家系遗传能力强,遗传增益较大,家系遗传力分别为0.558 2、0.762 3、0.652 3和0.721 9,遗传增益分别为8.09%、17.67%、14.56%和17.53%。[结论]综合各项评价指标,确定MES(帽儿山)群体为优异群体,群体内个体间的变异较小,生长稳定,且生长势强健,遗传效应明显。