臭牡丹叶提取液对2种植物病菌的抑制作用研究

笔者以广泛引发植物病害的松赤枯病菌（Pestalobia funerea）和玉米纹枯病菌（Rhizoctoria solani Kuha）为检测菌,对臭牡丹的抗植物病菌活力进行研究。     

油菜内生真菌的分离及其抑菌活性的研究

[目的]探讨油菜内生真菌的抑菌活性。[方法]从油菜的不同组织内分离内生真菌,研究它们对植物病原真菌的抑制作用,并对活性菌株进行了初步鉴定。[结果]从油菜的根、茎、叶中共分离出12株内生真菌,其中2株(WG5和WJ2)对病原真菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,尤其对油菜菌核病菌和小麦黄斑叶枯病菌的抑制率最高,而且其发酵滤液经高温处理后活性不丧失,对病原真菌仍有较强的抑制作用,具有一定的生防潜能。[结论]油菜内生真菌可以产生具有抑菌活性的次生代谢产物,为新型活性物质的筛选提供新的途径。     

黄粉虫幼虫抗真菌物质的诱导及其抗真菌活性研究

[目的]研究用真菌诱导黄粉虫幼虫表达抗菌物质及其对真菌的影响。[方法]用黄粉虫幼虫从土壤中诱捕真菌,培养出2种病原真菌作为诱导源分别对黄粉虫幼虫做诱导试验,每种试验分别进行对照、菌刺和菌饲3种处理,并于处理后1、2、3、4和5 d分别提取抗菌物质,用平板琼脂打孔扩散法测定其抑菌圈直径而确定其抗真菌活性。[结果]结果表明,黄粉虫幼虫受真菌诱导后抗真菌活性比对照都有不同程度的增加,同时不同真菌诱导表达样品对于相应的诱导真菌均表现明显的抗真菌活性。说明不同真菌诱导产生的抗真菌物质与诱导源有关,抗真菌物质为黄粉虫幼虫体内固有成分,诱导增加了抗真菌物质的表达量,同时刺激新的抗真菌物质的产生。[结论]用真菌直接诱导黄粉虫幼虫可以产生抗真菌物质。     

Activity of Berberis aetnensis root extracts on Candida strains

The antifungal activity of methanolic extract and alkaloidal fraction of Berberis aetnensis against Candida species was investigated. The crude extract was active against Candida species, this activity being higher than that of the alkaloidal fraction and berberine.     

4种胡椒科植物粗提物对灰葡萄孢的抑菌活性

在离体条件下比较了胡椒科荜茇、假蒟、黑胡椒、白胡椒4种植物乙醇提取物对灰葡萄孢的抑菌活性。结果表明:4种植物乙醇提取物对灰葡萄孢发育各阶段具有较强的抑制作用。白胡椒乙醇提取物对菌丝生长的抑制作用最强,EC_(50)为0.007 9 g·m L~(-1),其次为荜茇、黑胡椒和假蒟;当浓度为0.5 g·m L~(-1)时,荜茇和假蒟的乙醇提取物对灰葡萄孢产孢量抑制作用最强,抑制率分别为92.8%和92.0%;黑胡椒和白胡椒乙醇提取物对灰葡萄孢孢子萌发的抑制作用强于荜茇和假蒟;4种植物粗提物浓度高于0.062 5 g·m L~(-1)时,均能完全抑制灰葡萄孢菌核产生。     

生姜茎基腐病病原鉴定及甲壳胺对其病原菌的抑菌作用

通过形态学观察、致病性测定及序列分析,对生姜茎基腐病病原菌进行鉴定;并采用菌丝生长速率法、活体组织法和田间试验研究甲壳胺对生姜茎基腐病病原菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,生姜茎基腐病病原菌为群结腐霉(Pythium myriotylum)、刺腐霉(Pythium spinosum)和林栖腐霉(Pythium sylvaticum)。甲壳胺对3种腐霉菌均有抑制作用,抑制中浓度(EC_(50))分别为422.711 2、401.699 5、446.910 7μg·m L~(-1)。显微观察显示,甲壳胺处理后的腐霉菌丝膨大、扭曲,分枝增多,菌丝内部出现空泡化。活体组织法试验结果表明,甲壳胺可以明显抑制生姜茎基腐病的发生。田间防治试验结果表明,甲壳胺可以明显预防生姜茎基腐病的发生,从而提高生姜产量。     

Selection and evaluation of potential biocontrol rhizobacteria from a raised bog environment

Understanding the interactions of bacteria with plants and the role of microorganisms in the lifecycle of plants is becoming more and more important due to the social claim for a clean agriculture. Thus the significance of studying plant associated bacteria is increasing. The main aim of our study was to isolate and characterize bacteria associated with bryophytes from a natural raised bog ecosystem. Characterization of the isolates by their beneficial properties was realized with microbiological and molecular tools. Bacterial strains were identified taxonomically, isolates belonging to the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Serratia, Stenotrophomonas, Delftia, Cedecea, Lysinibacillus and Viridibacillus have been found. Pseudomonas, Serratia and Bacillus were the dominant bacterial genera associated with bryophytes. In vitro study of antagonism showed that a high number of the isolates inhibited the growth of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens – Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Erwinia carotovora – or produced secondary metabolic substances with biocontrol properties. Bacterial strains identified as Serratia fonticola BB17 and Pseudomonas fluorescens BE8 proved to be the most efficient against plant pathogens, with biocontrol effectiveness up to 48.28% and 55.17% respectively, suggesting the potential use of these strains in biotechnological applications.     

Antifungal activity of the stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa

The methanol extract of stem barks of Alianthus excelsa was partitioned with chloroform. The chloroform extract showed fungistatic and fungicidal activity against Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium frequentence, P. notatum and Botrytis cinerea.     

生防菌BH-2发酵液中活性代谢产物的抑菌作用及理化性质

为了明确生防菌BH-2的抑菌作用和抑菌因子的相关性质,采用管碟法,对其发酵液中活性代谢产物的抑菌作用及理化性质进行了研究。结果表明,发酵液中活性代谢产物具有较广的抗菌谱,对多种植物病原菌均表现较好的抑制作用。此外,活性代谢产物耐121℃高温,在偏酸性或中性条件下稳定,有较强的抗紫外线照射能力,对蛋白酶K和胰蛋白酶稳定性较好,54℃下15d的稳定性较好。这为该菌株的进一步研究和产品开发奠定了坚实的基础。     

Improvement of the quality and shelf life of wheat bread by fermentation with the antifungal strain Lactobacillus plantarum FST 1.7

Lactobacillus plantarum FST 1.7 was screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity and was shown to be active against spoilage moulds and bacteria. Isolation of antimicrobial compounds from cell-free supernatant identified lactic acid, phenyllactic acid and the two cyclic dipeptides cyclo (l-Leu-l-Pro) and cyclo (l-Phe-l-Pro) as the major components responsible for this activity. L. plantarum FST 1.7 was tested for the ability to produce the antifungal compounds during sourdough fermentation and to produce bread of good quality and increased shelf-life. A rheofermentometer was used to examine the gaseous release and development characteristics of the dough. A range of parameters was determined including pH, TTA and specific loaf volume. The results were compared with those obtained using Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, a chemically acidified and a non-acidified dough. The quality of sourdough and bread produced using L. plantarum FST 1.7 was comparable to that obtained using common sourdough starters, e.g. L. sanfranciscensis. Sourdoughs and breads were evaluated for the ability to retard growth of Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum two fungi found on breads. Sourdough and bread produced with strain FST 1.7 showed consistent ability to retard the growth of both Fusarium species, thus indicating that L. plantarum FST 1.7 has also the potential to improve the shelf-life of wheat bread.