枯草芽孢杆菌BS-1菌株抑菌活性研究

对1株枯草芽孢杆菌BS-1进行了抑菌活性测定研究。以苹果炭疽病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、水稻恶苗病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、棉花枯萎病菌、辣椒疫霉病原菌、玉米小斑病菌7种植物病原菌为指示菌,采用对峙培养法、杯碟法以及菌丝生长速率法测定了枯草芽孢杆菌及其无菌发酵液对7种植物病原菌的拮抗活性,结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌及其发酵液对番茄灰霉病菌生长有较强的抑制作用,对苹果炭疽病菌没有抑制作用。     

旋覆花花序氯仿萃取物抗植物病原真菌活性研究

为进一步明确旋覆花的农用杀菌活性,采用生长速率法、孢子萌发法,分别测定了旋覆花花序氯仿萃取物对13种植物病原真菌的离体抑菌活性,并测定了其对黄瓜灰霉病的防治效果。结果表明,在剂量为1.0 g/L时,氯仿萃取物对小麦全蚀病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、葡萄炭疽病菌、苹果炭疽病菌、黄瓜灰霉病菌和番茄果腐病菌的菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,抑制率均在50%以上,其中对小麦全蚀病菌的抑制作用最强,抑制率高达100%;对西瓜炭疽病菌和番茄果腐病菌孢子萌发抑制率达92.90%和82.92%。在10.0 g/L剂量下,氯仿萃取物对黄瓜灰霉病的治疗效果和保护效果分别为54.27%和76.68%(48 h),其中保护效果与对照药剂0.4 g/L施佳乐无显著差异。     

Use of essential oil of Laurus nobilis obtained by means of a supercritical carbon dioxide technique against post harvest spoilage fungi

The aspects of the antifungal activity of essential oil of laurel (Laurus nobilis) obtained by means of a supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO₂) technique against post harvest spoilage fungi, have been studied in this research work by tests performed under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The measurement of antifungal activity of the oil, for its potential application as botanical fungicide, is very useful to find alternatives to synthetic fungicides. The present paper reports, for the first time, the results about the antifungal activity of laurel oil, obtained by a semi-industrial process that utilize a SFE-CO₂ technique, against three plant pathogenic fungi. The determination of the main active substances was carried out by gas chromatography analysis: laurel oil was characterized by high content (≥10%) of 1.8-cineole, linalool, terpineol acetate, methyl eugenol and a low content (<10%) of linalyl acetate, eugenol, sabinene, β-pinene, α-terpineol. The inhibition of the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa and Penicillium digitatum was evaluated in vitro at the concentration range of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 μg/mL. M. laxa was totally inhibited by application of the oil at the lowest concentration, B. cinerea was completely inhibited at the highest concentration, and a fungistatic action was observed in both cases. P. digitatum was only partially inhibited at all the concentration ranges. The activity of the oil, placed in the form of spray on the fruit skin at the concentration range of 1, 2 and 3 mg/mL, was studied by biological tests. Both curative and protective activities of the oil have been evaluated on peaches, kiwifruits, oranges and lemons artificially inoculated with M. laxa, B. cinerea and P. digitatum, respectively. A very good antifungal activity has been found on kiwifruits and peaches when the oil was placed before the inoculation at a concentration of 3 mg/mL (68 and 91% of decay inhibition respectively). The same activity has been found on peaches when the oil was placed after the infection (76% of decay inhibition). The application of the oil did not caused any phytotoxic effect and kept any fruit flavour, fragrance or taste. This study has demonstrated that the essential oil of L. nobilis extracted by a SFE-CO₂ technique, is one potential and promising antifungal agent which could be used as botanical fungicide in the postharvest protection of peaches and kiwifruits against M. laxa and B. cinerea.     

薰衣草精油化学成分及抗菌活性研究

对新疆西部产薰衣草精油进行了化学成分分析和离体抗植物病原真菌活性测定。GC-MS分析共确认薰衣草精油29种化学组分,其主要化学成分为芳樟醇（33.16%）和乙酸芳樟酯（32.64%）,根据莰酮的低含量（0.33%）和石竹烯（7.13%）等倍半萜的高含量特性,确定新疆主栽薰衣草品种为英国薰衣草（Lavandula angustifolia）。薰衣草精油表现出较强的抑制植物病原真菌活性,对棉花枯萎病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、烟草赤星病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长抑制作用的最低有效浓度（MEC）分别为1.0,0.5,0.125,0.25μl/ml。     

苍耳提取液与植物内生真菌抗菌活性研究(英文)

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

Preliminary Studies on Antifungal Activity of Xanthium sibiricum and the Endophytic Fungi

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

Antifungal activity of commercial disinfectants against a benomyl-tolerant strain ofTrichoderma harzianum

A benomyl-tolerant strain (94110Tr) ofTrichoderma spp. was isolated from airborne fungi in a growing room for sawdust-based cultivation ofLentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler in Hokkaido. The strain was identified asT. harzianum Rifai, so the antifungal activity of benomyl (BEN), thiabendazole (TBZ), benzalkonium chloride (BAC), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG), and glutaraldehyde (GLA) were tested against six strains ofT. harzianum, including 94110Tr. It was found that 94110Tr was more resistant than the others not only to BEN but also to TBZ, but it had no explicit tolerance to BAC, CHG, or GLA, similar to the other strains. CHG and GLA showed potent antifungal activity against most of the six strains. It is estimated that CHG and GLA are available for disinfection of the benomyl-tolerant strains ofT. harzianum found in edible-mushroom factories.Part of this paper was presented at the 24th annual meeting of the Society for Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents, Toyonaka, Japan, May 1997     

苹果树腐烂病拮抗细菌鉴定及其抑菌作用效果测定

为了开发一种高效低毒的苹果树腐烂病生防制剂,通过对峙培养法、形态学及分子生物学的方法进行了苹果树腐烂病菌拮抗菌的分离筛选及鉴定,采用离体枝条法测定了拮抗菌对苹果树腐烂病的防效,并采用显微观察和液体培养法分别研究了拮抗菌对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑菌机理和无菌滤液对苹果树腐烂病菌生长的影响。分离筛选结果表明,从甘肃省各苹果产区果园土壤和苹果树枝条上分离得到23株细菌,2株对苹果树腐烂病菌具有较好拮抗作用,分别为LZ-1201和TS-1203,其对苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝生长抑制率分别为79.00%和85.00%。鉴定结果表明,菌株LZ-1201和TS-1203分别为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。离体枝条防效测定表明,拮抗菌无菌滤液对苹果树腐烂病的防效随着稀释倍数增大而降低,原液防效最高,分别为74.43%和77.07%。抑菌作用机理结果表明,两株拮抗菌均可导致苹果树腐烂病菌丝膨大畸形、原生质浓缩、释放及溶解。拮抗菌无菌滤液对腐烂病菌生长的影响测定结果表明,无菌滤液对腐烂病菌分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长量均有显著抑制作用(P0.05),其无菌滤液稀释40倍时对腐烂病菌分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长量的抑制率均高于60%,表明该拮抗菌具有很好的生防潜力。     

卡枯醇类似物的合成及抑菌活性

为研制在低浓度下有高效杀菌活性的杀菌剂,以芝麻酚为原料,采用氯代、酰化等方法合成15个卡枯醇类似物,其中7个未见文献报道。所有化合物结构均经IR、1 H NMR、13 C NMR和MS确证。初步抑菌活性试验表明,在合成的化合物的质量浓度为50 mg/L时,各种化合物均具有不同程度的抑菌活性,其中,化合物5a对玉米弯孢病菌的抑制率达到86%,化合物13a对棉花枯萎病菌的抑制率达到80%。     

杏树根际芽孢杆菌BJ-6抗菌蛋白的分离纯化及抑菌机理

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)BJ-6菌株分离自杏树根际土壤中。研究表明,该菌株对供试的8种植物病原真菌有明显的抑菌作用,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀可获得菌体培养液中的抗菌蛋白粗提物,经过sephadex G-150柱层析系统抗菌蛋白粗提物纯化和SDS-PAGE检测,明确了该菌株分泌的抗菌物质为分子量10 ku左右的抗菌蛋白。该蛋白对温度有较高的稳定性,121℃高压灭菌20 min仍有较强的抑菌活性。抗菌蛋白可以导致白菜黑斑病菌菌丝细胞透性增加,细胞内含物外渗,菌丝畸形并出现溶菌现象,而且促使苹果树腐烂病菌菌丝出现泡状膨大。