小麦苗期根系分泌物对根际反硝化细菌的影响

本文通过无菌水培试验，研究了两种不同基因型小麦菌期根系分泌物对反硝化细菌优势种生长量和反硝化活性的影响。结果表明：两种不同基因型的小麦根系对反硝化细菌均有明显的根际效应，其菌数和反硝化活性又以郑引１号大于宝丰７２２８；根分泌物中氨基酸组分两者相似，但其总量也以郑引１号大于宝丰７２２８，对根际反硝化细菌产生直接影响。而反硝化活性不受菌株耐药标记的影响。     

Nitrification activity in tropical rain forest soils of the Coastal Lowlands and Atherton Tablelands,Queensland, Australia

Intact soil cores from a montane tropical rain forest site in the Atherton Tablelands (Kauri Creek) and from a lowland tropical rain forest site in the Coastal Lowlands (Bellenden Ker), Queensland, Australia were investigated during different hygric seasons for the magnitude of gross nitrification rates using the Barometric Process Separation technique (BaPS). Pronounced seasonal variations of gross nitrification rates were found at both sites with highest values during the transition period between dry and wet season (montane site: 24.0 mg N (kg SDW)^—1 d^—1; lowland site: 13.1 mg N (kg SDW)^—1 d^—1) and significantly lower rates of gross nitrification during the dry and wet season. Rates of gross nitrification were always higher at the montane site than at the lowland site, but the opposite was found for N₂O emissions. The results indicated that the high losses of N₂O at the lowland tropical rain forest site may be contributed largely by high denitrification activity due to its wetter and warmer climate as compared to the dryer and colder climate at the montane tropical rain forest site. This conclusion was supported by analysis of cell numbers of microbes involved in N‐cycling. Higher numbers of denitrifiers were present at the lowland site, whereas higher numbers of nitrifiers were found at the montane site.     

奶牛场废水处理试验研究及其过程模拟

首先描述了多级综合性好氧生物处理厂的流程及试验设计，对试验过程的控制参数与生化指标的变化进行了分析，然后用扩展模型模拟了整个废水处理过程中各指标的变化，并开发了相应的软件，最后对模型进行了检验。     

Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003

BACKGROUND: Information is lacking on the prevalence and susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in dogs and cats with suspected hepatobiliary disease. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the prevalence, identity, and antimicrobial susceptibility of common hepatobiliary isolates from such patients. ANIMALS: Dogs and cats presented to the University of Wisconsin-Madison Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for which samples of bile, gallbladder, or liver were submitted for culture from 1998 to 2003, including 190 dogs (192 culture episodes) and 58 cats (61 culture episodes). METHODS: Cases were identified from the microbiology laboratory database. Data from patient medical records were extracted, including the history of antimicrobial administration, the presence of fever, the results of CBC and serum biochemistry, the presence of biliary obstruction or hepatobiliary inflammation, and the results of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultures and aerobic antimicrobial susceptibilities. RESULTS: Biliary cultures yielded a significantly higher percentage of positive results overall (30% [18 of 60]) than did hepatic cultures (7% [15 of 215]). In patients with cholecystitis, 62% (8 of 13) had positive biliary cultures. In patients with hepatic inflammation, 23% (7 of 30) had positive bile cultures, whereas only 6% (6 of 103) had positive hepatic cultures. Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Bacteroides spp., Streptococcus spp., and Clostridium spp. were the most common true-positive isolates. More than 80% of Enterobacteriaceae were susceptible to ciprofloxacin or aminoglycosides, with only 30-67% susceptible to first-generation aminopenicillins and cephalosporins. Liver samples obtained by surgery or laparoscopy were more likely to yield positive cultures than those obtained by percutaneous needle biopsy.     

Inhibitory effect of aerobic exercise on left ventricular remodeling and sympathetic neural remodeling in rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction

AIM: To investigate the effects of long-term aerobic exercise on the heart and sympathetic neural remodeling (structure and function remodeling) in heart failure rats induced by myocardial infarction. METHODS: Heart failure model after myocardial infarction was performed by ligating anterior descending coronary artery in the Wistar rats. Four weeks after operation, the rats were randomly divided into sham operation sedentary (S) group, heart failure sedentary (H) group and heart failure exercise (HE) group. The animals in HE group underwent 10-week treadmill running, while those in S group and H group were sustained in a resting state. The cardiac structure and function including left ventricular internal diameter at diastole (LVIDd), left ventricular internal diameter at systole (LVIDs), left ventricular anterior wall diameter at diastole (LVAWDd), left ventricular anterior wall diameter at systole (LVAWDs), left ventricular posterior wall diameter at diastole (LVPWDd) and left ventricular posterior wall diameter at systole (LVPWDs), and cardiac function parameters including fractional shortening (FS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured by echocardiography. The myocardium was collected for histopathological observation with Masson staining, and the collagen volume fraction (CVF) was determined. The concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) in the myocardium and plasma were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The frequency domain analysis was applied for determining the heart rate variability (HRV) via subcutaneous recording electrode involving total power (TP), normalized low power (LFn), normalized high power (HFn) and LF/HF ratio. The mRNA expression of collagen type I (Col-I), collagen type III (Col-III), atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC), β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA2a) was detected by real-time PCR. The protein levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor (TrkA), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS: (1) Compared with S group, body weight (BW), LVIDd, FS, LVEF, TP, HFn, the mRNA expression of α-MHC and SERCA2a, and the protein levels of NGF, TrkA and TH decreased (P<0.05). Left ventricular weight (LVW), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), LVAWDd, LVAWDs, LVPWDd, LVPWDs, CVF, plasma and myocardial NE content, LFn, LF/HF, and the mRNA expression of ANF, β-MHC, Col-I and Col-III increased (P<0.05) in H group. (2) Compared with H group, LVW, LVMI, LVIDd, FS, LVEF, TP, HFn, the mRNA expression of α-MHC and SERCA2a, and the protein levels of NGF, TrkA and TH were raised (P<0.05), while CVF, plasma and myocardial NE content, LFn, LF/HF, and the mRNA expression of ANF, β-MHC, Col-I and Col-III decreased (P<0.05) in HE group. CONCLUSION: Long-term aerobic exercise training leads to inhibition of heart and sympathetic neural remodeling and improvement of cardiac function and autonomic modulation in the rats after myocardial infarction.     

昆明优质本土乳酸菌的筛选及其对全株玉米青贮品质的影响

为筛选出适用昆明地区全株玉米青贮发酵的优质乳酸菌菌株,探求其青贮效果,本研究以自然发酵60 d的全株玉米(Zea mays)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata)为试验材料,将继代培养、菌株分离和形态及基因序列鉴定等方式筛选的3株优质菌株制成菌液,单独或2种菌液按1∶1配比添加到全株玉米中,检测其对全株玉米发酵品质、营养品质及有氧稳定性的提升效果。结果表明：短乳杆菌B10、植物乳杆菌B16及戊糖片球菌C23是昆明地区3种青贮饲料中的优质本土乳酸菌;与自然发酵相比,同型发酵乳酸菌B16,C23单独添加或与异型发酵乳酸菌B10配合添加可显著提高青贮饲料中乳酸菌的数量(P＜0.05);与商用复合乳酸菌相比,优质本土乳酸菌单一菌液或复合菌液的添加可更好的保存青贮饲料的DM及CP含量,但对青贮饲料有氧稳定性的提升效果相对较差。因此,添加本土优质乳酸菌可改善全株玉米青贮品质。     

SBR反应器中好氧颗粒污泥处理模拟废水的反应特性

[目的]研究SBR反应器中好氧颗粒污泥处理模拟废水的反应特性。[方法]将SBR好氧颗粒污泥反应器应用于模拟废水的处理,研究反应器中溶解氧随曝气强度的变化规律,并探讨一个反应周期内COD、TN、TP去除率的变化。[结果]不同曝气强度下,SRB反应器开始曝气时（第11 min）溶解氧值均最低,之后呈上升趋势,均在第13 min出现第一个＂平台＂,且曝气强度越大,该＂平台＂越高;50min后溶解氧值波动较小。反应周期结束时,不同气速下COD、TN、TP去除率分别达98%、75%、80%以上,且不同气速对污染物的去除有一定影响。[结论]该研究为今后废水处理工程的实际应用提供了技术指导。     

基于核酸DNA/RNA同位素示踪技术的水稻土甲烷氧化微生物研究

稳定性同位素示踪复杂土壤中微生物DNA/RNA的技术难点是13C-DNA/RNA的鉴定。本研究针对我国六种典型水稻土,利用稳定性同位素13CH4示踪活性的甲烷氧化菌,超高速密度梯度离心获得不同浮力密度DNA/RNA后,以甲烷氧化菌独有的pmo A功能基因和16S r RNA特异基因作为分子标靶,通过半定量凝胶电泳技术评价了特异基因作为分子标靶判定13C-DNA/RNA的可行性,进一步利用克隆文库技术研究水稻土中的活性甲烷氧化菌群落结构。结果表明:甲烷氧化菌功能基因pmo A作为分子标靶,能够准确鉴别13C-DNA,而甲烷氧化菌特异的16S r RNA基因则能较好地区分12C和13C标记的RNA,但13C-RNA中的非目标微生物污染高于13C-DNA示踪技术。进一步以13C-DNA和13C-RNA为模板,分别构建了pmo A和16S r RNA基因的克隆文库,系统发育分析表明I型菌主导了土壤甲烷氧化过程,其中江西鹰潭和黑龙江五常土壤中活性甲烷氧化菌全部属于Ia型,而四川资阳、浙江嘉兴、江苏常熟和江都土壤中Ia型和Ib型甲烷氧化菌均有发现,并且后者比例较低。这些结果表明分子标靶基因能够有效判定复杂土壤中的甲烷氧化菌13C-DNA/RNA,在DNA和RNA水平的结果基本一致,我国典型水稻土中活性甲烷氧化菌可能存在一定的地理分异规律。     

A comparison of different indices for nitrogen mineralization

Indices of N mineralization in soils of contrasting texture, pH, and organic matter contents were compared at different dates during the growing season. The indices were derived from a 12-week aerobic incubation, determination of the amount of microbial biomass at the start of the incubation, determination of the increase in NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h, and extraction of total soluble N with 0.01 M CaCl₂. Cumulative mineral N increased linearly with time in the course of the incubations. Rates of mineralization in soil samples taken in March 1989 and 1990 were significantly correlated with soluble organic N, while correlations between the mineralization rate and the increase in NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2 h were poor for sandy soils and absent for loamy soils. Correlations between NH ₄ ⁺ after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h and the soil N concentration were highly significant, but no general relationship was found between the mineralization rate and the soil N concentration. Neither biomass N nor biomass C was significantly correlated with the mineralization rate or with one of the chemical indices. Among the methods tested, soluble organic N extracted with 0.01 M CaCl₂ was the only method with any promise for routine measurement of the mineralization capacity of the individual sites.     

玉米杆好氧发酵后沼液营养成分的变化

以玉米杆废弃物为研究对象,利用好氧发酵堆肥方式,对其处理前后沼液营养成分进行分析。结果表明,与空白对照相比,处理后发酵沼液营养成分丰富,其中腐植酸增幅达123.7%,五氧化二磷降幅达63.3%;处理后腐殖酸含量显著增加,同时好氧发酵过程消耗大量的磷。