Behavioural interactions of seabirds with suspended mussel longlines

Increased abundances of a number of seabird species have been found in areas of mussel longline aquaculture (compared to control sites) in a recent study at Bantry Bay, southwest Ireland. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this form of mussel aquaculture also affects the activity budgets and foraging behaviour of these seabirds. Scan-sampling was used to compare seabird activity budgets between three areas of mussel longline aquaculture and three control sites. Foraging activities of Great-Northern Divers Gavia immer, an Annex 1 species under the Euopean Union's Birds Directive, were also compared between sites using focal sampling. The behaviour of gulls (Larus sp.), Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis and Great-Northern Divers (but not auks, Alcidae) differed significantly between areas of mussel aquaculture and control sites in this study. Mussel suspension buoys were heavily utilized by gulls, cormorants and shags as safe perching platforms for preening activities. Gulls also fed extensively on epifauna attached to the buoys. Great-Northern Divers spent more time snorkelling (head submerged in search of food) in mussel sites than in the control sites, however dive duration and visible foraging success rates did not differ significantly between sites. Overall, the environmental impact of mussel suspension culture appears to be positive or neutral on marine bird species occurring at this study site.     

柠檬叶挥发性成分的提取及分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法从柠檬叶中提取挥发油中的油相成分,进一步以乙醚为溶剂从蒸馏馏出液中萃取挥发油中的水溶性物质;利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)表征了二者的化学成分,根据气相色谱峰面积归一化法进行定量.通过表征和分析比较得到:柠檬叶挥发油油相成分得率为0.33％(以鲜叶计),确定了其中的30种成分,占油相成分总量的96.35％,其主要成分为d-柠檬烯(29.91％),其后依次为β-蒎烯(20.37％)、香茅醛(18.52％)、桧烯(5.74％).柠檬叶水溶性成分得率为0.03％(以鲜叶计),确定了其中的30种成分,占水相成分总量的97.94％,其主要成分为d-柠檬烯(30.33％)、香茅醛(21.88％)、β-蒎烯(19.83％)、桧烯(6.49％).     

毒死蜱对斑马鱼血清CAT和SOD活性的影响

通过对斑马鱼肌肉注射不同浓度(2、20、200、2000μg/kg)的毒死蜱,研究了斑马鱼血清中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化情况。结果显示:在处理后24 h两种酶的活性均明显升高;在处理后96 h两种酶的活性均显著下降。说明毒死蜱对斑马鱼机体的抗氧化系统有明显的损伤作用。     

Influence of tree crown characteristics on the local PM10 distribution inside an urban street canyon in Antwerp (Belgium): A model and experimental approach

Apart from influencing the amount of leaf-deposited particles, tree crown morphology will influence the local distribution of atmospheric particles. Nevertheless, tree crowns are often represented very rudimentary in three-dimensional air quality models. Therefore, the influence of tree crown representation on the local ambient PM₁₀ concentration and resulting leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was evaluated, using the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model ENVI-met^® and ground-based LiDAR imaging. The modelled leaf-deposited PM₁₀ mass was compared to gravimetric results within three different particle size fractions (0.2–3, 3–10 and >10 μm), obtained at 20 locations within the tree crown. Modelling of the LiDAR-derived tree crown resulted in altered atmospheric PM₁₀ concentrations in the vicinity of the tree crown. Although this model study was limited to a single tree and model configuration, our results demonstrate that improving tree crown characteristics (shape, dimensions and LAD) affects the resulting local PM₁₀ distribution in ENVI-met. An accurate tree crown representation seems, therefore, of great importance when aiming at modelling the local PM distribution.     

干旱胁迫对豫楸1号嫁接苗的生理生化影响研究

以1年生豫楸1号四种砧木嫁接苗(金丝楸、豫楸1号、灰楸和梓树)为试验材料通过盆栽干旱胁迫以正常浇水处理为对照,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫对这四种不同砧木豫楸1号嫁接苗在保护酶活性、脂膜透性、过氧化物的反应物积累和细胞渗透调节性物质等方面的生理生化影响。结果表明:保护酶SOD活性先上升后下降,活性表现明显的是金丝楸嫁接苗;MDA的积累都有明显增加,金丝楸嫁接苗积累最少,增加较多的是梓树嫁接苗和灰楸嫁接苗;脂膜透性都有不同程度的上升,其中梓树嫁接苗和灰楸嫁接苗上升较快,金丝楸嫁接苗积累较少。可溶性蛋白的含量都有不同程度的上升,其中金丝楸嫁接苗积累较多。经过对几项生理指标的综合方差[1]分析,认为金丝楸嫁接苗相对于其他三个品种具有较强的抗旱能力。     

The effects of compost in a rice–wheat cropping system on aggregate size,carbon and nitrogen content of the size–density fraction and chemical composition of soil organic matter,as shown by 13C CP NMR spectroscopy

We investigated whether the long‐term application of compost from agricultural waste improved soil physical structure, fertility and soil organic matter (SOM) storage. In 2006, we began a long‐term field experiment based on a rice–wheat rotation cropping system, having a control without fertilizer (NF) and three treatments: chemical fertilizers (CF), pig manure compost (PMC) and a prilled mixture of PMC and inorganic fertilizers (OICF). Following the harvest of wheat in 2010, the mean‐weight diameter (MWD) of water‐stable aggregates and the concentration of C and N in bulk soil (0–20 cm; <2 mm fraction) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in PMC and NF plots than in CF or OICF plots. Pig manure compost significantly increased the proportion of >5‐mm aggregates, whereas CF significantly increased the proportion of 0.45‐ to 1‐mm aggregates. The C and N contents of all density fractions were greater in PMC than in other treatments with levels decreasing in the following order: free particulate organic matter (fPOM) >occluded particulate organic matter (oPOM) > mineral‐combined SOM (mineral–SOM). Solid‐state ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra showed that alkyl C/O‐alkyl C ratios and aromatic component levels of SOM were smaller in PMC and OICF plots than in CF plots, suggesting that SOM in PMC and OICF plots was less degraded than that in CF plots. Nevertheless, yields of wheat in PMC and NF plots were smaller than those in CF and OICF plots, indicating that conditions for producing large grain yields did not maintain soil fertility.     

钼对大鼠肝微粒体苯胺羟化酶活力的影响

为研究钼对大鼠肝微粒体中苯胺羟化酶的影响,将50只大鼠随机分为5个组,4个试验组每天分别灌服剂量为8.325、16.65、33.3、66.6 mg/kg的钼酸胺,对照组每天灌服三重蒸馏水,持续灌服2周,然后处死5个组所有大鼠,采用钙沉淀法制备大鼠肝微粒体,再用对氨基酚量法测定苯胺羟化酶的活力.结果显示,4个试验组的苯胺羟化酶的活力分别为2.724 4±0.037 5、2.681 8±0.187 8、2.347 4±0.095 3、2.304 6±0.110 9 nmol/(mg·min),对照组为1.921 0±0.074 3 nmol/(mg·min).与对照组相比,4个试验组苯胺羟化酶的活力都极显著升高(P＜0.01),并且随着剂量增大而逐渐上升.由此证明,钼酸胺口服剂量在8.325 mg/kg～66.6 mg/kg范围内能使大鼠苯胺羟化酶的活力增强.     

猪笼草消化液中蛋白酶的活性初探

为了进。步分析猪笼草瓶状体内消化液中蛋白质的性质，本研究在不同的温度和pH条件下测定消化液中蛋白酶的活性，并且比较了3种不同沉淀方法对消化液蛋白进行的浓缩，通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺电泳对消化液蛋白作了初步分离。结果表明，猪笼草消化液中蛋白酶的最适酶活温度为50℃，且稳定性最高；当pH为5时，该蛋白酶活性出现峰值，采用氯仿-正丁醇法（5：1）沉淀浓缩猪笼草消化液蛋白样品效果最佳。聚丙烯酰胺电泳结果表明，消化液至少包括三种蛋白组分，分子量分别为24.3kD、35．1kD和61．4kD，且35．1kD条带具有抗胰蛋白酶消化活性。本研究为综合开发利用猪笼草野生资源提供理论依据。     

不同粒级煤矸石风化物矿质元素的含量变化及风化程度分析

以抚顺矿区汪良排土场、东排土场和西排土场为研究对象,选择荒草地类型区进行采样,研究了不同粒级煤矸石风化物矿质元素含量的变化,并对不同粒级煤矸石风化物成壤指标进行了测定。结果表明,随煤矸石风化物堆积年限的增加,SiO2,Al2O3和Fe2O3的含量在不同粒级间变化不大,K2O,Na2O,CaO,MgO的含量变化明显;由各个成壤指标来看,煤矸石堆积物的风化程度随堆积年限的增长和粒级的减小而增强。     

大豆萌发过程中谷氨酸脱羧酶活性变化研究

研究了大豆在浸泡、萌发两个过程中谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)的活力变化。通过测定大豆中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的含量变化,间接测定大豆中GAD的活性。结果表明,大豆在25℃,浸泡10h,大豆中的GAD活性达到浸泡中最高水平,酶活性为2.45U。浸泡后的大豆在30℃,萌发40h时,酶活性达到萌发中最高水平,为1.28U。大豆在浸泡和萌发两个状态下,GAD活性较储藏期都有很大提高,且浸泡时酶活总体水平高于萌发期酶活总体水平,其中大豆GAD在25℃,浸泡10h时活性最高,为2.45U。