梨果实贮藏中可溶性果胶和半纤维素分子结构的变化

 为了了解分子结构变化与耐藏性的关系，以耐贮性不同的苹果梨和新高梨为试材，利用Ultrogel AcA 22凝胶柱渗漏分离，比较了梨贮藏中可溶性果胶和半纤维素分子大小的变化。结果表明，苹果梨的半纤维素分子大于新高梨。在贮藏过程中，耐贮性强的苹果梨果实可溶性果胶分子大小变化不明显，但半纤维素分子明显变小。相反，新高梨的可溶性果胶分子明显变小，而未观察到半纤维素分子大小的变化。说明梨的耐贮性与可溶性果胶分子结构变化及半纤维素分子大小有关，而与半纤维素分子结构变化没有直接关系。     

不同灵芝类群药效的特异性研究

通过对10种灵芝的表型性状及亲缘关系进行分析将灵芝聚为3类,对不同类群灵芝菌株的免疫调节、抗疲劳及改善睡眠的药效作用进行了比较研究。结果表明:灵芝的功效具有特异性,不同类群间存在功效差异性。     

桑天牛卵啮小蜂孤雌生殖及体内沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)的检测

桑天牛卵啮小蜂(Aprostocetus prolixus)有孤雌生殖现象,其后代几乎为雄性。沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)是广泛分布于节肢动物体内的一类共生菌,参与多种调控寄主的生殖活动机制。通过对外膜蛋白基因(wsp)、细菌细胞分裂蛋白基因(ftsZ)和核糖体16S rDNA基因的特异性扩增,在米蛾(Corcyra cephalonica Stainton)的DNA中分别扩增出约600、1000和900 bp的片断,验证了米蛾体内已感染了Wolbachia;而在桑天牛卵啮小蜂的DNA中未扩增出任何片断,表明Wolbachia在桑天牛卵啮小蜂体内未被感染或感染率极低。     

Molecular characterization and genetic relationship among almond cultivars assessed by RAPD and SSR markers

RAPDs and SSRs were used to study the genetic diversity of Iranian almond cultivars and their relationship to important foreign cultivars and three related species. Eight unidentified almond Shahrodi cultivars and three wild almonds (Prunus communis, Prunus orientalis and Prunus scoparia) were also included. Of the primers tested, 42 (out of 80) RAPD and 18 (out of 26) SSR primers were selected for their reproducibility and high polymorphism. A total of 664 polymorphic RAPD bands were detected out of 729 bands. The number of presumed alleles revealed by the SSR analysis ranged from 3 to 10 alleles per locus with a mean value of 6.64 alleles per locus. Both techniques discriminated the genotypes very effectively, but only RAPDs were able to discriminate the cultivars Monagha and Sefied. Results demonstrated an extensive genetic variability within the tested cultivars as well as the value of SSR markers developed in peach for characterization of almond and related species of Prunus. Dice similarity coefficient was calculated for all pair wise comparisons and was used to construct a UPGMA dendrogram. For both markers a high similarity in dendrogram topologies was obtained although some differences were observed. All dendrograms, including that obtained by the combined use of both the marker data, depicted the phenetic relationships among the cultivars and species, depending upon their geographic region and/or pedigree information. Almond cultivars clustered with accession of P. communis showing their close relationship. P. orientalis and P. scoparia were clustered out of the rest of P. dulcis.     

动物性别决定的分子机理及性别鉴定与控制新技术

哺乳动物中位于Ｙ染色体短臂临界区域的ＳＲＹ基因启动雄性性状的发育。该基因在生殖腺脊中的表达可激发下游基因ＭＬＳ的转录,引起缪氏体抑制物和睾酮分泌,促使睾丸组织器官的发育。针对该基因制备特异探针或产该区域片段得到引物对就可用ＦＩＳＨ或ＰＣＲ准确,快速鉴定出植入母体前的胚胎性别,以及对精子筛选分离的结果作出准确评价。与ＰＣＲ相比,ＦＩＳＨ技术更具检测优势。     

凡纳滨对虾6个养殖群体遗传多样性的比较分析

中国多批次引进凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei并结合生产开展了相对独立的育苗工作，但对引进群体及引进后留种形成的本地群体的遗传变异水平缺乏了解，不利于种质管理及利用。此研究采用AFLP技术对抽查的6个养殖群体进行分析，发现进口群体具有相对较高的遗传多样性水平；养殖性能较好的东方、海星和旭明群体遗传多样性水平与进口群体相近；而乾塘群体遗传变异水平最高，推测可能是与其种质混杂有关；广益群体遗传多样性水平最低，可能已出现近交衰退。通过对各个群体间的遗传距离进行分析，为下一步根据亲缘关系的远近开展群体问杂交育种提供技术依据。     

小麦抗白粉病种质的创新利用

以簇毛麦为抗源,采用杂交与生物技术相结合的方法,将簇毛麦的抗白粉病基因导入小麦,选育出农艺性状较好、抗白粉病的小麦新种质和高产、抗白粉病的小麦新品种。经AFLP分析,确定抗白粉病种质均含有一段簇毛麦的DNA。     

Analysis of 18S rRNA gene of Octostigma sinensis (Projapygoidea: Octostigmatidae) supports the monophyly of Diplura

The phylogenetic position of Diplura within Hexapoda has been controversial. There are three major lineages in Diplura: Campodeoidea, Projapygoidea, and Japygoidea. However, most of the previous studies were restricted to Campodeoidea and Japygoidea. Until now, only preliminary morphological study on Projapygoidea was reported, and no sequence data from Projapygoidea was available. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the phylogenetic position of Octostigmatidae, one of the three families of Projapygoidea, in Diplura and to test if Diplura are monophyletic. The complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of Octostigma sinensis (Projapygoidea: Octostigmatidae) from subtropical China, together with representative species of Campodeoidea and Japygoidea, and several species of Protura and Collembola were analyzed. The phylogenetic trees were obtained by different methods (neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum likelihood) with a chelicerate species as outgroup. Our results suggested that Octostigma was closer to the genus Parajapyx (Japygoidea: Parajapygidae) than to the representative genus of Campodeidae (Campodeoidea). All phylogenetic trees supported the monophyly of Diplura.     

花生DNA分子标记的研究工花生AFI——Ⅰ分析技术体系的建立与作图杂交亲本的筛选

由于缺乏传统遗传标记，花生遗传连锁的报道极为罕见，迄今未发表经典的遗传图谱。发展稳定可靠的AFLP标记，将为基因分型应用于新品种保护、良种保纯、杂种鉴定和种质资源研究提供强有力的技术支撑。研究在建立适合花生AFLP分析的DNA提取流程的基础上，建立了花生AFLP分析的技术方案。AFLP分析结果表明，6个花生杂交亲本间存在一定差异。四对引物共计扩增出307条长度不同的条带。其中多态性条带为160条，占总条带数的52．1％。本研究筛选获得了多态性程度高的杂交亲本，为进一步构建分子连锁图谱创造了条件。     

富士苹果AFLP体系的优化及其在鉴定早熟芽变中的应用

 以‘长富2号’苹果为材料，采用优化的AFLP技术对其早熟芽变与母株进行初步研究，筛选了64对引物，其中43对引物扩增结果理想，共产生了2,700条带。有4对引物在芽变与母株之间产生了7条差异片段，主要集中在350~800 bp之间。研究表明早熟芽变是由于遗传物质改变造成的，同时也说明利用该体系对苹果芽变进行分析和鉴定获得成功。