纳米氧化物对美托洛尔生物富集的影响研究

为揭示氧化物纳米颗粒（NPs）对离子型有机污染物在水生生物体内富集的影响,本研究考察了两种典型的氧化物NPs对鲤鱼富集β-阻断剂美托洛尔的影响以及美托洛尔在鱼体内各部位的分布,并通过批平衡实验进一步探讨了吸附解吸与生物富集的关系。结果表明：NPs共暴露时,在摄取阶段结束时美托洛尔生物浓缩因子（BCF）值增加了2.39倍（TiO₂ NPs）和3.49倍（SiO₂ NPs）。净化阶段鱼体内的美托洛尔半衰期由20.09d缩短到8.39d（TiO₂ NPs）和6.13d（SiO₂ NPs）,净化结束时鱼体内的美托洛尔残余浓度则略有升高。NPs的共暴露未改变鲤鱼摄取美托洛尔的途径,但显著升高了鱼鳃和内脏中美托洛尔的浓度。相对于TiO₂ NPs,SiO₂ NPs对美托洛尔具有更强的、且不可逆的吸附,使用Freundlich模型拟合的lg K_F值分别为2.21（TiO₂ NPs）和4.47（SiO₂ NPs）。研究表明NPs能够通过吸附载带促进鱼体对美托洛尔的富集,吸附态美托洛尔主要通过摄食和鳃的呼吸作用随NPs进入鱼体内,由NPs携带进入鱼体内的美托洛尔一部分发生解吸从而被鱼体利用,未发生解吸的部分随NPs的排出被排出体外。     

用氧化还原电位法测定臭氧处理海水生成氧化物的研究

研究了臭氧生成氧化物(OPO)对水质的影响,以及氧化还原电位(ORP)与臭氧生成氧化物浓度的关系。研究表明:臭氧处理海水使水体pH升高,在300 m in内pH值由8.03上升到8.24,增加了2.55%;臭氧生成氧化物在海水中前期分解速度快,后期逐渐减弱;生产中必须选择合适的吸附剂有效吸附残留化合物;氧化还原电位与臭氧处理海水生成氧化物浓度的关系可用公式:y=181.14e3.9613x表示。     

水中氧化物的污染及其测定方法探究

水中氧化物指的是水体与大气之间经过氧气交换或者经过各种化学生物反应之后产生的物质。近年来,水中氧化物的污染越来越严重,加强对水中氧化物的污染情况的测定,对于污染的防治具有十分重要的意义。本文对水中氧化物的污染以及测定方法和防治策略进行分析,旨在促进水资源的保护。     

紫云英还田与氮肥减施对水稻土团聚体中各形态铁锰含量的影响

  【目的】  水稻土团聚体的形成和稳定与铁锰氧化物含量密切相关。研究紫云英还田对水稻土团聚体组成以及各粒径团聚体中铁锰形态的影响,以揭示紫云英还田与氮肥减施下土壤团聚体的稳定性机制。  【方法】  田间试验于2015年在湖北荆州进行,供试土壤为长江冲积物发育的水稻土。设置不施氮肥(CK)、紫云英种植还田(MV)、60%氮肥(N_60%)、100%氮肥(N_100%)、紫云英种植还田+60%氮肥(MV+N_60%)、紫云英种植还田+100%氮肥(MV+N_100%) 6个处理。于2019年,采样分析土壤水稳性团聚体百分含量,各粒径团聚体中不同形态的铁锰含量。  【结果】  施肥有效提高了土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量,以MV+N_60%处理的效果最为明显,比CK处理大团聚体含量增加了49.8%,微团聚体含量减少了71.0%,有效提高了土壤团聚体稳定性。土壤大团聚体中各形态铁锰含量显著高于微团聚体。在>5 mm团聚体中,除游离锰外其余形态的铁锰含量与平均重量直径(MWD)或几何平均直径(GMD)显著相关(r=0.474～0.704),游离铁和非晶质铁与MWD和GMD均呈极显著正相关。  【结论】  游离铁和非晶质铁是团聚体稳定性的关键因素。紫云英还田与氮肥减施有利于游离铁和非晶质铁在大团聚体中的富集,促进大团聚体的形成,进而改变土壤团聚体粒径分布,提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。     

Joint Acaricidal Action of Diafenthiuron and Fenbutatin-oxide Against Tetranychus cinnabarinus （Boisduval） （Acari： Tetranychidae）

[Objective]This study was conducted to obtain a new high-efficiency acaricide mixture.[Method]The synergism acaricidal of diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide against carmine spider mite was investigated,and the optimal ratio of both acaricides were determined by means of co-toxicity factors and co-toxicity coefficients（CTC）.[Result]At 24 h post-treatment,the LC50values of diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide against T.cinnabarinus female adults were 154.67 and 93.26 mg/L,respectively,and the synergistic mass ratios of diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide ranged from 1：0.06 to 1：0.87,and the optimal diafenthiuron-to-fenbutatin-oxide ratio was 1：0.39 with the LC50and CTC of 67.87 mg/L and 188.93（CTC significantly above 100 strongly indicated synergism）,respectively,and the toxicity relative to diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide was 2.28 and 1.37 times,respectively.[Conclusion]The joint acaricidal action of diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide strongly indicates synergism.These findings proved scientific theoretical basis for mixing diafenthiuron and fenbutatin-oxide to control spider mites and developing a new synergisic acaricide.     

复合高氯酸锰锌在水产禽畜养殖中抗病促长作用研究

复合高氯酸锰锌(Zinc-Manganous perchlorata)属一种超强氧化物,内含有16个新生态氧:Mn(CLO4)2+Zn(CLO4)2→4CLˉ+16(O)↑+Mn2+·Zn2+,较强氧化剂过氧化氢H2O2、高锰酸钾KMnO4及高铁酸钾K2FeO4等含氧量要高2~16倍,而且甚易溶于水,当水生动物如鱼、虾类发病时,使用此剂能快捷杀灭病菌、病毒及寄生虫;在鸡、羊、牛、猪中使用,能提高动物体质,增强抗病力,主要表现在抗肠道病菌,新城疫病毒,脊髓炎灰质病毒,Polio病毒,Hbsag病毒,以及H5H7亚型中强毒株感染的禽流感病毒;但当指出,高氯酸类出事,故须经特殊处理,达到稳定安全后方可使用。     

4—硝基喹啉—1—氧化物对小麦损伤效应的研究

本试验首次以４－硝基喹啉－１－氧化物作为诱变剂处理小麦种子，研究了其对小麦的损效应。试验结果表明，４－硝基喹啉－１－氧化物不仅对小麦Ｍ１发芽率、出苗率、苗高有明显的影响，而且能诱发Ｍ１根尖细胞染色体发生畸变。４－硝基喹啉－１－氧化物有较强的诱变作用，可作为高等植物的化学诱变剂。     

小麦农杆菌转化系统的建立与转基因植株的获得

针对农杆菌转化系统的诸多影响因素进行了系统研究，建立了有效的小麦农杆菌转化系统；利用石4185、石6365的花药愈伤组织为受体，进行了甜菜碱醛脱氢酶和胆碱氧化物酶等目的基因的转化研究。     

土壤铁锰氧化物对铜离子富集作用的初步研究

土壤中的铜是以多种形态存在的,其中以被铁锰氧化物所吸附的铜较为引人重视,一是因为铁锰氧化物吸附容量大;二是铁锰氧化物吸附态铜易受环境因素(如pH和Eh)影响而变化。吸附态铜在铜的各个形态的动态平衡之间,处在一个关键的位置,因此,应对它进行更多的研究。     

Composition and Characteristics of Organo—Mineral Complexes of Red Soils in South China

The objective of the present study is to reveal the composition and characteristics of organo-mineral complexes in red soils (red soil,lateritic red soil and latosol) of south China in terms of chemical dissolution and fractional peptization methos.In the combined humus,most of the extractable humus could dissolve in 0.1 M NaOH extractant and belonged to active humus (H1),and there was only a small amount of humus which could be further dissolved in 0.1 M Na4P2O7 extractant at pH 13 and was stably combined humus (H2).The H1/H2 ratio ranged from 3.3 to 33.8 in red soils,and the proportions of both H1 and total extractable organic carbon (H1 H2) in total soil organic carbon and the ratios of H1 to H2 and H1 to (H1 H2) were all higher in lateritic red soil and latosol than in red soil.The differences of combined humus composition in various red soils were directly related to the content of Fe and Al oxides.In organo-mineral complexes,the ratio of Na-dispersed fraction (G1) to Na-ground-dispersed fraction (G2) was generally smaller than 1 for red soils,but there was a higher G1/G2 ratio in red soil than in lateritic red soil and latosol.G1 fraction had a higher content of fulvic acid (FA),but G2 fraction had a higher content of humic acid (HA).The ratios of H1 to H2 and HA to FA were higher in G2 than in G1.The differences in the composition and activity of humus between G1 and G2 fractions were related to the content of free Fe and Al oxides.The quantities of complex Fe and Al,the Fe/C and Al/C atomic ratios were higher in G2 than in G1,and the ratio of Al/C was much higher than that of Fe/C.It may be deduced that aluminum plays a more important role than iron in the formation process of organo-mineral complexes in red soils.