Identification of pathogenic races ofPhytophthora fragariae Hickman in Germany

Summary The fungusPhytophthora fragariae Hickman is the causal agent of red stele disease in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), this being a major disease in many areas with cool and moist conditions. Success of resistance breeding can be nullified by the appearence of specific races of the fungus capable of overcoming the introduced resistance. In some countries (USA, UK, Japan and Canada) races were identified by using a differential set of strawberry cultivars. The absence of an international standard differential set and the use of different test methods make a comparison of the identified races difficult or even lead to contradictory results for one variety/race combination. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the spectrum of pathogenic races in Germany as a basic contribution to research on resistance breeding against the fungus. The susceptibility of different strawberry cultivars to German isolates ofP. fragariae was evaluated. The inoculation was done by modifying a method described by Milholland et al. (1989). Rootedin vitro plants, four weeks after transferring them to the soil, were used for the investigation. Inoculation was done with a zoospore suspension of defined concentration. Up to now three German isolates, G-1, G-2, and G-3, can be separated by their ability to infect and produce oospores in the roots of the strawberry cultivars ‘Senga Sengana’, either ‘Saladin’, ‘Redgauntlet’ or ‘Climax’ andFragaria chiloensis clone ‘YaquinaB’. These results confirm the existence of pathogenic races ofP. fragariae in Germany and should be taken into consideration for resistance breeding against the fungus.     

Inheritance of tree and fruit characters in progenies from crosses of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars

Summary Approximately 1000 seedlings from 20 combinations crossed in 1979, 1980 and 1981 (Theiler-Hedtrich 1985a) were tested for several characters: fruit set (yield), fruit size, fruit colour, formation of abscission layer and bleeding after fruit removal from fruit stalks, bacterial canker resistance, flowering and harvesting time. From progeny of crosses with Stella as pollinator, 56% (Vittoria × Stella) and 46% (Schüttler × Stella) of the seedlings were self-compatible, of which 14 were high yielding with good fruit size and quality. From the data recorded it can be concluded:fruit set is a recessive character; only 5 to 20% of very good yielding seedlings were obtained in different progeny, even if the parental plants were both very good croppers.Fruit juice and skin colour was in most progenies ‘black’ even if they were from combinations with ‘white’ varieties, e.g., Merton Glory or Schüttler. Only from the combination Schiittler (‘white’) × Stella (‘black’), 50% of the seedlings were ‘white’; Stella therefore is heterozygous for the character of fruit juice and skin colour.Fruit size is evenly distributed in progeny with respect to the fruit size of their parent plants.Abscission layer formation and non-bleeding is a genetically complex character. In combinations where both parent plants formed fruits with complete abscission layers and which were not bleeding after fruit removal from the stalk, this character was inherited only to 50% (Vittoria × Schüttler) or 85% (Vittoria × Frühe von der Weid) in the progeny. For the genetical control of this character further studies are necessary.Bacterial canker susceptibility was evenly distributed in seedlings from all combinations even if the highly resistant cv. Vittoria was used as one parent plant, thereby not confirming the expected results of a higher proportion of resistant seedlings from combinations with Vittoria.Flowering and harvest time of the seedlings from different combinations was within the range of the parent plants. Only in the combination of Vittoria × Stella (mid-to late-ripening season) one seedling out of 99 was found to form ripe fruits two weeks earlier than the parental plants. From the seedlings tested 40 have been chosen for further evaluation or genetical studies.     

Seed set and seedling variation in greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.)

Summary A high degree of fruit and seed set was obtained in Dioscorea alata L. by hand pollination. The sexual progeny was studied in comparison with the clonal plants. In general, the seedlings were poor in growth vigour, flowering and tuber production but the variations observed in the different characters were unprecedented, indicating scope for efficacious genetic improvement in this vegetatively propagated crop.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. I. the contribution of stray pollen to the seed set of depetalled,hand-pollinated flowers of apple

Summary Using the finger nails to remove most of the petals is a fast method of preparing apple flowers for hand pollination in the balloon stage. Such flowers still appeared quite attractive to insects; left to open pollination, the seed set per flower averaged two thirds of that of similarly treated, but hand-pollinated flowers. With the aid of marker pollen of scab or mildew resistant donors and the subsequent screening of the seedling progenies for resistance, it was shown that the stray pollen was responsible on average for one of every three seeds formed by unbagged depetalled and hand-pollinated flowers.     

Factors affecting haploid production in wheat using the Hordeum bulbosum system. 3. Post-fertilization effects on embryo survival

Summary An investigation was made of factors affecting the frequency of development of fertilized ovules following wheat x Hordeum bulbosum hybridizations. Seed survival, a term used here to represent the relationship between seed set and fertilization, was shown to vary between the wheat genotypes tested, but was unrelated to the crossability genes present within the wheat genotype. A high seed survival was obtained in crosses involving the variety TH3929 and the single chromosome substitution line, Chinese Spring (Hope 5B). Chinese Spring showed a poor seed survival. Some influence of the H. bulbosum genotype on seed survival was detected. The two environmental factors studied, namely the post-pollination application of gibberellic acid and the ambient temperature, were both shown to affect seed survival. The application of gibberellic acid immediately after pollination or 1 and 2 days after pollination improved seed survival, although the extent of the response was dependent upon the number and timing of the application(s). A genotype-dependent response to the ambient temperature was observed, TH3929 showing a slight but insignificant reduction and Chinese Spring a significant improvement in seed survival with an increase in temperature from 20°C to 26°C. The physiological processes which may be influenced by GA and the ambient temperature and may thereby affect seed survival are discussed.     

车辆用可控整流稳压式永磁发电装置的研究

多块钕铁硼永磁材料由极靴通过非导磁螺钉固定在钕铁硼永磁发电装置转子铁芯上，相邻的钕铁硼永磁材料极性相反，即N极S极间隔排列，组成钕铁硼永磁转子，当转子转动时，磁场旋转，线圈切割磁力线，产生电动势。研发出了三相半控桥式整流稳压器，当钕铁硼永磁发电装置的输出电压低于目标稳压值时，整流稳压器为三相全波桥式整流输出，当钕铁硼永磁发电装置的输出电压高于目标稳压值时，电压信号采样比较电路自动使三相全波整流桥桥臂瞬时断开，降低输出电压，当钕铁硼永磁发电装置的输出电压再低于目标稳压值时，三相全波整流桥再恢复工作，周而复始，整流稳压器通过移相、削波、整流，使输出电压稳定在一定范围内，解决了车辆用永磁发电装置在宽转速、宽负载范围内输出电压保持稳定的问题以及给蓄电池充电的问题。     

离心泵射流自吸装置的研究

介绍一种新型离心泵射流自吸装置的工作原理及结构，通过在普通离心泵的进口处增设一个带“文氏管”的自循环射流器，使该射流器与压水室第六断面的回流孔贯通形成自循环，当泵运转时，不仅可以完成自吸过程，而且可以将自循环射流器上的阀关闭，射流器同时停止工作，因此：泵的效率提高了3%以上。泵的性能试验分析表明，该泵不仅可以实现自吸，性能曲线稳定、平坦，高效率区范围宽，工况佳，而且泵的各项技术指标均满足设计要求。     

高校引导大学生扎根林区的对策研究

对林区人力资源现状和影响大学生到林区就业的因素进行了分析,提出了高校引导大学生扎根林区的对策。     

粗集-神经网络在农业工程项目评估中的应用

该文提出一种基于粗集-神经网络项目评估新方法，该方法应用粗糙集理论对神经网络的输入数据进行预处理,提取其中的关键成分作为网络的输入,提高了神经网络的收敛速度和逼近精度，并以中国农业水利工程项目为背景进行了实例研究，结果表明，建立的模型不仅较公平、合理，而且提高了神经网络模型的学习效率。